
- •Russian Academy of Sciences
- •Read the text
- •Methodology
- •Conclusion
- •What makes a good summary?
- •Abstract
- •There are two kinds of abstract
- •Annotation writing
- •Sample descriptive annotation
- •Sample critical annotation
- •Annotated bibliography
- •Sample annotated bibliography entry
- •4.2. Writing Correspondence
- •Personal versus professional e-mail
- •Organizing an e-mail
- •Considering audience, purpose, and tone
- •Establishing a respectful tone
- •E-mailing a peer
- •E-mailing a scientist you do not know
- •Establishing the context of an e-mail
- •Managing e-mail
- •A full block format letter (from one person to another):
- •A modified block format letter (from one person to another):
- •A modified block format letter (from an organization to a person):
- •Your Address
- •The Date
- •Recipient’s Name and Address (inside address)
- •The salutation
- •The Subject
- •The Text of Your Letter (the body of the letter)
- •The Closing
- •Your Name and Signature
- •The 6th International Conference “Rivers of Siberia”
- •Participating in the discussion
- •Moderating the discussion
- •II. Conferences and symposia
- •III. ОСНОВЫ РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЯ И АННОТИРОВАНИЯ. ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ
- •Полезные фразы при анализе заголовка статьи:
- •Flat prospects
- •Digital media and globalization shake up an old industry (идея статьи)
- •A German company tries to deal with an unwanted endorsement (идея статьи)
- •Наречия и логические связки времени
- •Связки, вводящие новую информацию
- •Rendering of the article "Trouble at till"
- •English for Master's Degree and Postgraduate)
- •Grammar revision
- •Тренировочное упражнение
- •Тренировочное упражнение
- •Reading: читающий, читая
- •Тренировочное упражнение
- •Тренировочное упражнение
- •Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
- •§ 4. Глагол to be в сочетании с инфинитивом
- •Сложные формы герундия
- •Тренировочное упражнение
- •Укажите, в каких предложениях нужно употребить слово «который» при переводе их на русский язык.
- •§ 16. Инфинитивная конструкции «сложное подлежащее»
- •при сказуемом в действительном залоге
- •Глаголы, выражающие долженствование
- •§ 23. Предложения с вводящим словом «there»

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GRAMMAR REVISION
§ 1. Употребление временных форм глагола
Таблица времен глагола в изъявительном наклонении действительного залога (Active Voice)
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Настоящее |
Прошедшее |
Будущее |
Будущее в |
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прошедшем (Future |
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(Present) |
(Past) |
(Future) |
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in the Past) |
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I write |
I wrote |
I shall write |
I should write |
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Indefinite |
я писал |
я буду писать |
я буду писать |
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я пишу |
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(написал) |
(напишу) |
(напишу) |
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Continuous |
I am writing |
I was writing |
I shall be writing |
I should be writing |
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я пишу |
я писал |
я буду писать |
я буду писать |
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I have written |
I had written |
I shall have |
I should have written |
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Perfect |
written |
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я написал |
я написал |
я напишу |
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я напишу |
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Perfect |
I have been |
I had been |
I shall have been |
I should have been |
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writing |
writing |
writing |
writing |
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Continuous |
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я пишу |
я писал |
я буду писать |
я буду писать |
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Отрицательная форма глагола во всех временах образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола, а при сложной форме самого вспомогательного глагола – после первого вспомогательного глагола. В отрицательной форме в Present Indefinite употребляется вспомогательный глагол to do в форме настоящего времени, в Past Indefinite — did (форма прошедшего времени глагола to do):
o I do not write.
o I am not writing. o I did not write.
o I have not written. o I shall not write.
o I have not been writing.
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Вопросительная форма глагола во всех временах образуется вынесением вспомогательного глагола на место перед подлежащим. В Present и Past Indefinite употребляется вспомогательный глагол to do. Если форма вспомогательного глагола сложная, перед подлежащим ставится первый вспомогательный глагол:
o Do I write?
o Have I written? o Did I write?
o Shall I be writing? o Shall I write?
o Have I been writing? o Am I writing?
Вопросительно-отрицательная форма глагола во всех временах образуется следующим образом:
вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, а частица not – после подлежащего:
o Do I not write? o Did I not write?
o Have I not been writing?
При сокращённой вопросительно-отрицательной форме частица not ставится перед подлежащим и сливается с вспомогательным глаголом, причём буква о в слове not выпадает как в написании, так и в произношении:
o Don't I write? o Didn't I write?
o Haven't I been writing?
Типы вопросов
Существуют четыре основных типа вопросов:
– общие (начинаются со вспомогательного глагола, требуют ответа да / нет, интонация повышающаяся). Например:
Do you write? |
Yes, I do. |
No, I don’t. |
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Are you writing? |
Yes, I am. |
No, I am not |
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Have you written? |
Yes, I have. |
No, I have not |
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Have you been writing? |
Yes, I have. |
No, I have not |
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168
– специальные (начинаются с вопросительного слова, за ним следует вспомогательный глагол, затем подлежащее и оставшаяся часть сказуемого, интонация понижающаяся). Например:
What are you writing? |
I am writing the article. |
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When will you write the article? |
I shall write the article next month. |
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What article did he write? |
He wrote an article about pricing. |
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How long has he been writing his article? |
He has been writing for two months. |
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Исключение составляют вопросы к подлежащему, в котором порядок слов – прямой: после вопросительного слова следует сказуемое. Например:
Who is writing the article? |
I am. |
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Who wrote the article? |
He did. |
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Who has written this article? |
She has. |
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– альтернативные (структурно представляют собой два (или более) общих вопроса, соединённых соединительным союзом or, интонация повышающаяся – понижающаяся). Например:
Are you writing a book or an article? |
I am writing an article. |
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Did he write a book or an article? |
He wrote a book. |
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– разделительные (структурно представляют собой соединение утвердительного или отрицательного предложения и короткого общего). Например:
You are writing, aren’t you? |
Yes, I am. |
No, I am not. |
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You are not writing, are you? |
Yes, I am. |
No, I am not. |
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You wrote a book, didn’t you? |
Yes, I did. |
No, I didn’t. |
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You did not write a book. Did you? |
Yes, I did. |
No, I didn’t. |
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Тренировочное упражнение
Переведите предложения, определите формы глаголов. Задайте вопросы.
1.Situations such as these require a specific set of circumstances.
2.The further studies however call for the elaboration of a new technique.
3.These studies are of particular importance: they largely contribute to the solution of the problem.
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4.These aspects of the problem go outside the scope of the research.
5.The results obtained do not agree with the previous findings.
6.They often speak on the subject in general.
7.Prof. Lesov often goes into details of it.
8.This is the book he is asking for.
9.That is the research they are carrying on now.
10.This is the theory we are carrying on now.
11.These are the journals I am looking for.
12.Those are the theories they are referring to now.
13.This is the book I've just read.
14.This is the evidence the experiments have provided.
15.These are the results he has reported.
16.These are the works you have mentioned.
17.These are the new ideas we have put forward.
18.That is the theory he has advanced.
19.Here is the University she has graduated from.
20.Here are the data we have recently obtained.
21.They will give a complete account of the work recently done in the laboratory when they finish that fundamental research.
22.The new method will come into use when suitable appliances and devices are provided.
23.Please, let us know the results of your experiments as soon as you complete them.
24.It won't be easy to provide answers to such specific questions unless we make a different approach to the study and use different technique.
25.I'll be working at my paper. There's still a lot to do.
26.I'll be preparing for my examinations. I've got too little time.
27.She will probably be attending a lecture on recent developments in the world. She has never missed a chance to go to such lectures.
28.The talk didn't bring about a discussion.
29.He brought out some important facts at the meeting.
30.My colleague made a speech at the laboratory meeting the other day.
31.I could recall some scientists of the past whose fundamental discoveries were epoch-making in the science they worked in.
32.They were discussing something I couldn't quite make out.
33.He was writing a letter to his foreign colleague.

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34.She was looking through the recent publications on the problem.
35.The conference hadn't come to an end yet when the announcement was made.
36.The speaker emphasized that most of the workers in the above field had expressed views bore out the hypothesis.
37.We knew the authors had obtained no particular information bore on the problem.
Таблица форм глагола в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice)
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Present |
Past |
Future |
Future in the Past |
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Indefinite |
The book is |
The book was |
The book will be |
The book would be |
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written. |
written. |
written. |
written. |
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Continuous |
The book is |
The book was |
— |
— |
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being written. |
being written. |
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Perfect |
The book has |
The book had |
The book will |
The book would |
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been written. |
been written. |
have been written. |
have been written. |
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Формы глагола в страдательном залоге образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице, числе и причастия II смыслового глагола.
В страдательном залоге нет времен Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous и Future Continuous in the Past.
Отрицательная, вопросительная и вопросительно-отрицательная формы страдательного залога образуются по тем же правилам, что и соответствующие формы действительного залога, а именно:
1. В отрицательной форме частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:
The book is not written.
При сложной форме вспомогательного глагола частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:
The book has not been written.
Сокращённые формы образуются аналогично сокращённым формам глагола в действительном залоге: