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structure is that there is often a conflict of interests when a manager may have to react to demands and requests from several superiors.

Functional or line structure

1.What types of companies tend to use functional or line structure?

2.What are the advantages of this type of a structure?

Divisional structure

3.What are the advantages for a large company of using the divisional structure?

4.What disadvantage could there be?

Matrix structure

5.What structures does the matrix structure combine?

6.What problems can arise from reporting to two different departments in an organization?

Language focus

1.Translate the following phrases from the text from Russian into English.

обязанности в различных сферах деятельности; реагировать на требования и запросы со стороны нескольких начальников.

2. Match the definitions to the words from the text below.

1.a system by which the members of an organization are grouped and arranged according to higher and lower ranks _____

2.a new company that has been started fairly recently _____

3.someone who has a lower position and less authority than someone else in an organization _____

4.an official rule or order _____

5.a good effect or advantage that something has _____

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6.something that helps you to be better or more successful than others

____

7.the desire of people for particular goods or services; the ability and willingness of people to pay for them _____

8.an act of asking for something, esp. politely _____

3.Find a suitable subheading to the sentences below.

1._____ - departments are separated according to the different aspects of company work, such as producing goods or dealing with the financial matters.

2._____ - the company is divided into separate units specializing in particular area of the world or has separate units dealing with particular types of products.

3._____ - the company uses a mixture of divisional structures, to enable it to be more flexible and organize its work around specific projects.

4._____ - very small companies run by a single person or group are like this.

5._____ - in this type of structure responsibility is shared, with fewer managers and with individuals being responsible for their own tasks.

6._____ - the organization is divided according to a particular product or type of product, each of which has functional teams to take care of staff, finance, etc.

4.Match positions of managers with their functions.

1.Заведующий производством.

2.Управляющий службой закупок.

3.Управляющий отделением (филиалом).

4.Управляющий отделом комплектования ассортимента.

5.Управляющий службой сбыта.

6.Управляющий службой материально-технического снабжения.

7.Генеральный управляющий; генеральный директор; директор предприятия.

8.Начальник отдела перевозок.

9.Управляющий службой повышения квалификации.

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10.Художественный руководитель.

11.Начальник отдела кадров.

12.Начальник смены.

13.Управляющий службой рекламы.

14.Управляющий отделом маркетингового планирования.

15.Заместитель заведующего.

5.Match the departments on the left with their responsibilities.

6. Use the spaces below to write a short description of any department given above.

I work in the ______ department / section. There are ______ people working in this department. Our main tasks are ______ and ______ . We also ______ . I personally deal with ______ .

Skills: Describing a company’s structure

The most common verbs for describing structures are:

be accountable to somebody for something.

eg. The marketing department is made up of three units. The company consists of five main departments.

Our department is headed by marketing planning manager. He is accountable to the general manager.

Our department is responsible for conducting market research.

Make up a description of a company structure you know.

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Unit 4 Changes: reorganizing a company to improve performance

Discuss the following questions:

1.How well do you deal with change? How would you feel if you need to change your job, your home or the country you live in?

2.What was the last change that you had to deal with in your working or study life? Were you happy about it? Why do many people fear changes?

Match the words 1 – 4 to their definitions a-n. Translate them into Russian.

Read the first part of the text about why Cisco Company made these changes and answer the questions.

1.What business area is the company involved in?

2.What type of structure did Cisco Network and Data Centre Services (NDCS) have in the past?

3.What were the regional network teams responsible for?

4.What was one of the main problems with the structure?

5.What did the report say might happen if Cisco’s NDCS hadn’t changed?

Cisco Systems, Inc.

Cisco was founded in 1984 by a small group of scientists from Stanford University in the USA. Since then it has grown into a major enterprise with 300 locations in 90 countries. Cisco has 46 data centers and server rooms providing 70,000 employees with work; 14 of the data centers / server rooms are production

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or customer-facing and 32 are used for product development. Cisco is a worldwide leader in systems for the internet.

Like most IT organizations of large enterprises Cisco’s Network and Data Centre Services (NDCS) used a traditional divisional structure. The original organizational model included regional network teams that were responsible for all aspects of implementing their services. This led to a lot of duplication across the organization, which most employees were unaware of.

Cisco needed to focus on identifying the areas of activities that could be changed and how they will make these changes. The result of the report that was prepared showed that the Network and Data Centre organization could not meet the requirements of the technology evolution that Cisco and Cisco IT were expecting. The existing resources were not structured to support this, and there was significant duplication of work and processes. Even the minimal amount of growth could be risky and may damage the company.

Read the second part of the text and decide if the following statements are true or false.

1.The whole of Engineering team and the Operations team are now in the new Implementations team.

2.The new Operations team doesn’t have to worry about people being moved to other departments.

3.NDCS members in the new system use their expertise more now.

4.The storage team still all work in the same department.

5.Jim Scaduto thinks that before the changes the NDCS team had a very difficult job.

6.Design engineers now work more than their normal hours.

7.It is now easier to know which individual has the necessary expertise.

8.Experienced engineers don’t need to train newer staff members.

9.The NDCS will be able to find problems before they have an effect on the customer.

10.The staff have less time to talk to customers than before.

Top management solution was to restructure the NDCS to the lifecycle business model, which consisted of six key phases: Prepare, Plan, Design, Implement, Operate and Optimize. Organizationally, the change involved moving some resources from the former Engineering and Operations teams to the new Implementations team. This was a key component of the restructuring and presented the opportunity for the new Operations team to focus on operations without worrying about deployments, which happened a lot in the old system. Also, other NDCS team members were able to concentrate on their specific areas of expertise.

Previously, most NDCS personnel had to deal with design, operational and architectural issues, which is practically impossible. Now the design engineers are