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given by an engineer; his first job was routine record keeping and managing the office when the boss was gone. His boss was always too busy to train him and became annoyed when he tried to ask questions. The engineer said that he was just an unimportant assistant at the final stage of work.

Herzberg concluded that at work there are certain factors which cause job satisfaction while others lead to dissatisfaction. The group of factors which cause satisfaction was called ‘motivators’. They include things like a challenging job, responsibility, advancement, recognition, etc. These factors give rise to positive satisfaction. Herzberg called the other group of factors ‘hygiene or maintenance’ factors. These factors include company policy, salary, administration, fringe benefits, job security, status, our personal life. These factors are considered to be only dissatisfiers, not motivators. If they do not exist they cause dissatisfaction. If they do exist, they do not, however, give full satisfaction.

It is worth noting that the hygiene factors refer to the context of the job – the conditions of work – while the motivators refer to the content – the job itself. Hygiene factors are essential if workers are to be motivated. They mostly deal with the question: Why work here? The motivators deal with the question: Why work harder?

If Herzberg theory is true, it means that managers must pay great attention to job content. Even with the development of computers and robotics, there are and always will be plenty of boring, mindless, repetitive and mechanical jobs in all sectors of the economy, and lots of unskilled people who have to do them. So, managers must find ways of making jobs more challenging and interesting.

Read the text and match the answers below with the questions.

1.What did Herzberg ask the accountants and employees about?

2.What did he call the things that caused satisfaction?

3.What did he call the things that caused dissatisfaction?

a)Hygiene factors

b)Motivators

c)Specific moments when they felt satisfied or dissatisfied about their job

Language focus

1.Look through the text and find words and phrases having the same meaning as the Russian words and phrases below.

2. Read the definitions below and find the appropriate terms to them.

1.the chance to get promotions and move up to a better job ___

2.all the things someone is in charge of in a particular job or position ___

3.things such as salary and working conditions which can cause satisfaction or dissatisfaction if they are not good enough___

4.something difficult that you feel determined to solve or achieve ___

5.an additional advantage or service given with a job besides wages, eg. company car, free flights, etc.___

6.a set of questions given to a group of people to find out about their opinions ___

7.the amount of responsibilities and functions contained in a worker’s job___

8.when others show admiration or respect for what you have done ___

9.a feeling of pleasure in your job when you know your work is worth doing ___

10.a form of personal development and the chance to learn and use new skills ___

11.something successfully finished or gained ___

3. Read the statement below and decide whether they are true or false.

1.The people who were involved in Herzberg’s study and who felt good about their work talked about what they did in their job.

2.Those people who were unhappy about their work focused on the job content.

3.Hygiene factors help to avoid dissatisfaction.

4.Managers need to focus on job content as well as job context to motivate their staff.

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4.Look at the six factors that can cause satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Then look through the examples below and decide if they belong to motivation factors or hygiene factors.

5.Look through the quotes below from people talking about their jobs. Decide if what they say relates to a Hygiene factors or Motivation factors.

1.“I’m really pleased that my manager thanked me for all the extra time that I put on the project.” ___

2.“My manager has to check everything I’ve done before he allows me to send it to clients.’ ___

3.“I don’t get on with my boss at all. We have very different personalities.’___

4.“I really enjoy my job, it’s very interesting and varied.’___

5.‘I really hate working in this office, the furniture is so old and uncomfortable.’___

6.‘I feel really proud of the results of my work.’___

7.‘I’m sick of not having any money left at the end of the month.’___

8.‘The worst thing about this job is that there are no real chances to climb the career ladder.’___

6.Vocabulary to discuss pay and working conditions. Match the words and phrases below with their definitions. Translate them into Russian.

flexitime incentive

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1.A system of working where people work a set amount of hours in a period of time, but choose when they start and finish ____

2.A fixed amount of money that an employee receives ____

3.A working space where everybody has a desk, but nobody has their own individual office ___

4.A barrier that stops certain groups of people getting promoted to the next level ___

5.A number of chances to improve your position in the company ___

6.An extra amount of money you may pay to a waiter or taxi driver to say thank you ___

7.Payment to somebody who sells goods. The more they sell, the more of this they receive ___

8.A system where a new employee learns from a more experienced employee at work ___

9.This tries to make sure that people spend the right amount of time at work and don’t work too much ___

10.Pay and benefits that somebody receives when they leave a job ___

11.Extra money somebody receives for a good performance ___

12.A way of measuring how successful an employee has been ___

13.Extras to the money that an employee receives, eg. a company car, free health care ___

14.Where the company tries to make sure that employees receive the correct amount of money for the amount of work they do ___

15.Something which is used to encourage people to do something, especially to make them work harder, produce more or spend more money.

7. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. Use the words below.

incentive challenge productivity

1.В своей работе я постоянно сталкиваюсь со сложными задачами и проблемами, которые необходимо решать.

2.После реструктуризации предприятия, руководство компании сократило рабочие места, и многие служащие получили выходное пособие.

3.Опрос показал, что молодые работники компании заинтересованы в получении дополнительных льгот, например, дополнительные дни к отпуску, бесплатное медицинское обслуживание, гибкий график работы.

4.Она получила похвалу и награду за участие в проекте.

5.В настоящее время Пётр выполняет обязанности руководителя отдела рекламы. Это предел его повышения по службе (он достиг своего потолка).