4.3. “State of mind” connected with a money laundering offence
The intent and knowledge required to prove the offence of money laundering may be inferred from objective factual circumstances. (R. 3, IN).
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The offence of money laundering |
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Can be inferred from
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Objective factual |
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circumstances |
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Art. 2.3 |
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Knowledge |
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Merida Convention, |
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Intent |
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Art. 28 |
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Palermo Convention, |
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Purpose |
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Art. 5.2 |
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Art. 9.2.b |
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Aim |
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Agreement |
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The offender suspected that the property was proceeds
The offender ought to have assumed that the property was proceeds
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Warsaw Convention, Art. 9.3.a |
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Warsaw Convention, Art. 9.3.b |
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37
4.4. Confiscation and provisional measures related to AML/CFT
Countries should adopt measures similar to those set forth in the Vienna Convention, the Palermo Convention, and the Terrorist Financing Convention, including legislative measures, to enable their competent authorities to freeze or seize and confiscate the following, without prejudicing the rights of bona fide third parties:
(a) property laundered, (b) proceeds from, or instrumentalities used in or intended for use in money laundering or predicate offences, (c) property that is the proceeds of, or used in, or intended or allocated for use in, the financing of terrorism, terrorist acts or terrorist organizations, or (d) property of corresponding value (R. 4 and its IN).
Vienna Convention |
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Palermo Convention |
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Terrorist Financing |
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Convention |
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Mechanisms to effec- |
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tively manage and, |
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when necessary, dis- |
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authorities to |
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pose of property |
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Freeze |
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Seize |
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Confiscate |
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Without prejudicing the rights of bona fide third parties
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Property laundered |
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Money laundering |
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Predicate offences |
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Proceeds from |
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Used in |
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Intended for use in |
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Instrumentalities |
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Terrorism |
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Proceeds of |
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Financing of |
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Terrorist acts |
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Property that is |
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Terrorist organizations |
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Used in |
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Intended for use in |
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Property of corresponding value |
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Allocated for use in |
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4.5. Non-conviction based confiscation and corporate liability for money laundering
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Without criminal |
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Measures |
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conviction |
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Proceeds |
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Instrumentalities 
Confiscation
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Lawful origin of |
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An offender has to demonstrate |
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property |
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Criminal liability and sanctions, and, where that is not possible (due to fundamental principles of domestic law), civil or administrative liability and sanctions, should apply to legal persons. This should not preclude parallel criminal, civil, or administrative proceedings with respect to legal persons in countries in which more than one form of liability is available. Such measures should be without prejudice to the criminal liability of natural persons (R. 3, IN).
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All sanctions should be: |
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effective |
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proportionate and |
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A criminal verdict bears |
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dissuasive |
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severe reputational risks by |
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distracting investors and |
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customers; it stands in- |
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between measures of ad- |
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ministrative liability (a fine |
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which will not be noticed) |
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and a closure of a company |
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(a capital punishment) |
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Civil liability |
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Administrative liability |
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Criminal liability |
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Natural persons |
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Natural persons |
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