УМК ин.яз.(английский) БТФ

Exercise 1

Name fresh-water (salt-water) fish.

Exercise 2

Chose the words from the topical vocabulary to match the definitions:

-a fish born in fresh water, that spends most of its life in the sea and returns to fresh water to spawn;

-the large single fin located along the back bone of a fish;

-one of the movable parts that look like wings, sticking out from the body of a fish. A fish uses its fins to swim and balance itself in the water;

-the waters from which a river begins;

-organisms living in a particular environment, such as a forest or a coral reef, and the physical parts of the environment that affect them;

-what a fish breathes with;

-paired fins located about halfway down the length of a fish along the

abdomen;

-one of the hard, flat structures that cover the body of fish, snakes, and

lizards.

Exercise 3

Use the words from the topical vocabulary to fill in the gaps.

1.A fish's … are the flat objects which stick out of its body and help it to swim and keep its balance.

2.He … the fish and removed the innards.

3.When fish or animals such as frogs …, they lay their eggs.

4.A … is a large sea fish with a very long upper jaw.

5.The skeleton of sharks and rays is composed of … rather than bone.

FISH

Fish are vertebrate animals that live in almost every part of the ocean, from the surface to the bottom of the deepest trenches, and even at the very edge of the sea. By 2004 over 20,000 species, including the 200 or so edible species, had been described. Since about 100 new species are being described each year, the total number of fishes may exceed 30,000 species. About 60% of all vertebrate animals (animals with backbones) are fishes. About half the described species are marine, and approximately 75% of them live in shallow coastal waters. The types range from hagfish (Myxine spp.) to lungfish (Dipnoi), but here the discussion will centre on the bony fishes, which are by far the most diverse and species-rich group of fishes. They are distinct from the cartilaginous fishes, i.e. sharks and their relatives, by having bony rather than cartilaginous skeletons, gills covered with a flap, and mouths that are usually on the front of the head. The mouths of some fishes are armed with teeth that are used to rasp soft tissue, grind up molluscs, or scrape algae off rocks. Others, such as the seahorses, have no teeth and have tubular-shaped mouths adapted to suck up individual plankton.

The rich diversity of fishes is partly the result of their having adopted a great variety of ways of feeding. Their basic body form is spindle shaped, with dorsal fins on the back, two pairs of lateral fins, the pectorals and the pelvics, a ventral anal fin, and a large tail, or caudal fin that is usually symmetrical. The fins are composed of fine bones, or fin rays that normally are webbed. These fin rays can be developed into long sensory structures or hard spiny structures that may be armed with poison glands. The spindle shape gives a good hydrodynamic shape that slides through the water with minimum resistance when the posterior region of the body, and the tail, beats from side to side. However, this basic body shape has been greatly modified in different families of fish, especially in those families that live around the seabed. Eels have lost most of their fins and developed long sinuous bodies and a serpentine mode of movement, ideal for moving in and out of crannies in, reefs, but less effective for swimming in midwater.

The coloration of fishes is almost as diverse as their habits. Some, like flatfishes, can change their colour at will, either to blend in with different backgrounds or to flash warnings to would-be predators. In many shallow coral reef species, males display bright colours to guard their territories, but generally fishes use their coloration as camouflage. The commonest colour pattern in the fishes that swim in midwater is a countershading, with dark backs and pale bellies and flanks that may be banded with a disruptive pattern, often silvery or, in deepsea species, lined with light organs. The brightness of light changes with depth, and its colour also changes—red light being absorbed very quickly – so the range of colours used by fish is restricted. Also, fish see only monochromatic blue-green light, which is the colour of light that penetrates furthest in water. In very deep water many fish species do not have functional eyes, since that there is almost nothing to see in the permanent darkness below about 1,000 metres (3,250 ft).

Another important sensory feature of fishes is their lateral line system. This is a chain of sense organs, similar to those in our ears, that can either be open to the water or semi-enclosed. With this system the fishes feel the water, sensing currents and the low-frequency vibrations transmitted by the movements of other animals. Many deep-sea fishes have long filamentous tails that, by extending the length of the lateral line organ, enable them to feel the direction from which any movements are coming.

Fishes' blood is about half as salty as sea water – that is why thirsty shipwrecked mariners can safely drink it to slake their thirst – so fish continually have to get rid of salt from their bodies across their gills. Although this helps to make fishes less dense, many still have systems for adjusting the density of their bodies to be much the same as the sea water, so when they stop swimming they do not sink. Above the gut of many fishes is a swim-bladder that is filled with gas. In some fishes this is filled by gulping in air at the surface, but the vast majority never approach the sea surface, so the swim-bladder is filled by a special gland that extracts dissolved gases from the blood. Some fishes that swim continuously, like tunas and marlin, have no swim-bladder. Instead, they have rigid pectoral fins that act like hydroplanes to generate lift as they swim. Swim-bladders do not occur in many deep-sea fishes, because the greater the hydrostatic pressure (i.e. depth) the greater the energy required to fill them, so at depths below about 500 metres (1,625 ft) it becomes physiologically too expensive. In these fishes either the swimbladder is filled with oily fats, or it disappears. Deep-sea fishes tend to have very watery tissues, and their bones contain very little calcium, which reduces their density. However, some still retain gas-filled swim-bladders in very deep water which are connected by bones to sensory organs, and function as hearing organs. They also often have drumming muscles attached to them for the fish to produce sounds for communication. During the Cold War when hydrophones were deployed in deep water to listen for the movements of submarines, it was found that the deep ocean is quite noisy, especially during the breeding season for deepsea fishes and when whales migrate.

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

прибрежные воды; тело вытянутой формы; изменять окраску по желанию; сливаться с фоном, окружением; подавать предупреждающие знаки потенциальным хищникам; защитная окраска; глубоководные рыбы; утолить жажду; гидростатическое давление; период размножения.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1.The total number of fishes may exceed …

2.The rich diversity of fishes is partly the result of …

3.The fins are composed of …

4.The coloration of fishes is almost as diverse as …

5. The commonest colour pattern in the fishes that swim in midwater is …

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1.What is fish?

2.What is the difference between bony fish and cartilaginous fish?

3.What can you tell about the body form of the fish?

4.What role does the coloration of fishes play in their life?

5.What is another important sensory feature of fishes?

6.Do all fishes have swim-bladders? What for?

CLASSES OF FISH

There are three classes of fish. Fish that don't have jaws belong to the jawless fish class. Fish that have skeletons made of tough, flexible cartilage belong to the cartilage fish class. Most of the fish you're familiar with belong to the bony fish class. These fish have skeletons made of bone.

Jawless fish such as lampreys and hagfish don't look like fish. They have no jaws with which to open and close their mouths. Jawless fish have no scales and their skeletons are made of cartilage. Lampreys are parasites that live in fresh and salt water. Their round mouths are filled with small curved teeth. With these teeth lam­preys cut holes in other fish's bodies. Lampreys attach themselves and suck the body liquids and blood out of the holes. Hagfish live only in the oceans. They have fewer teeth than lampreys. But hagfish do have slit-like mouths that help them cut holes in other fish. Once holes are made, the hagfish crawl inside and feed.

Like the jawless fish, the cartilage fish also has skele­tons made of cartilage. Unlike the jawless fish, the car­tilage fish have jaws and scales. Sharks are one example of cartilage fish. They are the fastest-swimming fish.

The mouths of the sharks are filled with rows of sharp teeth that slant backward. These teeth help sharks hold their prey. As sharks' teeth are lost or broken, other teeth move forward to replace the lost ones.

Another type of cartilage fish, the rays, has a flat body and lives on the ocean bottom. Some rays have strong jaws that crush the shells of clams and oysters. Other rays, such as the stingray, have poisonous spines near their tails. Their poison causes pain and even death to their prey.

Most fish known today belong to the class of bony fish. Bony fish are the fish you know best – bass, flounder, cod, sole, trout, and so on. Bony fish are covered with scales that are smooth and slimy. The slimy covering helps fish glide through the water. It also helps protect them from parasites. The scales of bony fish grow larger as the fish grow older. Growth rings on the scales show the age of the fish.

Most bony fish have an air bladder which enables them to swim at a certain depth. Gases from the blood move into the air bladder. As the bladder fills with

gases, the fish rises in the water. If gases move out of the bladder, the fish will sink deeper in the water.

Many bony fish have well-developed fins which make these fish excellent swimmers. Sailfish and tuna can swim for long distances at fast speeds. Other fish have different kinds of fins. Flying fish have winglike fins that help the fish to leap above the water. The walking cat­fish has muscular fins that help it move on the land. In­stead of separate fins, eels have fins that are continuous and joined.

Most fish reproduce by external fertilization. This means that eggs and sperm join outside the bodies of the fish. Female fish usually release their jellycoated eggs in the water. Some species lay eggs in nests made from weeds, twigs, or mud. Male fish release sperm to fertilize the eggs. Most fish lay thousands and even millions of eggs at a time. Why aren't the waters overcrowded with fish? First, not all of the eggs are fertilized. Second, other eggs are eaten by predators before they hatch. Some of the young fish will be eaten before they become adults.

Bony fish provide food for the world's population, that is high in protein and low in fat. Some countries, such as Norway and Japan, rely on fish as their main food. Fish are also used to make animal feed and glue. Sharks' skins are used to make shoes. Oil from fish is used in making paints and varnishes and in tanning leather.

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

бесчелюстные рыбы; хрящевые рыбы; костные рыбы; щелевидное ротовое отверстие; удерживать добычу; быть покрытым шелухой; оплодотворение вне организма; оплодотворять яйца; с высоким содержанием белка и низким содержанием жиров.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1.Fish that don't have jaws belong to …

2.Fish that have skeletons made of tough, flexible cartilage belong to …

3.Fish that have skeletons made of bone belong to …

4.Sharks are one example of …

5.Most fish reproduce by …

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1.What are the major classes of fish?

2.What are the examples of jawless and cartilage fish?

3.How do bony fish look like?

4.How do most fish reproduce?

5.Where is fish used?

AQUACULTURE IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

Aquaculture in the Republic of Belarus is characterized by four main farming systems: fish pond farming, warmwater and industrial fish farming (rearing fish in cages in warmwaters of power plants in closed-loop water supply systems) and fish rearing in natural and artificial water bodies (culture-based fisheries). The main cultured species in Belarus is common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which currently accounts for 79.7 percent of total national aquaculture production. Fish pond farming is the main method of production.

There are currently 22 fish pond farms (under various forms of ownership), three fish farms havesting and processing lake and river fish, five fish hatcheries rearing seed for stocking lakes and reservoirs, two warmwater cage systems (belonging to fish farms) and one cold water trout farm (Konchits, 2005). Different management and ownership systems are in operation. The total pond surface of the country is 24 530 ha, of which 20 800 ha belong to the state owned fish farms and 3 730 ha to agricultural enterprises of communalmunicipal ownership. The existing pond capacities allow an annual production of up to 19 900 tonnes of marketable fish, of which the enterprises of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food yield up to 16 600 tonnes (Konchits, 2001 and 2002).

Over recent years, privately owned enterprises (farmers, private entrepreneurs and firms) have begun aquaculture production activities. The majority (54 farms in six provinces) rear fish in leased natural and artificial water bodies according to culture-based fisheries, i.e. fattening of fish stocked in polyculture on a natural food base and their subsequent harvesting using commercial fishing gear. Two enterprises have opted to specialize in trout rearing from imported fry, and two others in sturgeon rearing using industrial methods.

The main freshwater fish producer of the country is the Department of Water Management and Melioration of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus, bringing together 19 fish pond farms and one that rears stocking material and harvests fish in natural water bodies. They are responsible for about 88 percent of the annual fish production of the country. Total aquaculture production reported to FAO in 2004 was 4 150 tonnes.

The main cultured species in Belarus is common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which currently accounts for 79.7 percent of total national aquaculture production. Other cultured species are goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) 10 percent, Chinese carps: grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) with an overall production of about 8 percent, and Northern pike (Esox lucius) 1.8 percent. Of other species, smaller quantities of tench (Tinca tinca), wels catfish (Silurus glanis), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) are cultured, but the production volumes of these species do not exceed 0.5 percent.

All fish species are reared using classic selection methods, without genotype modification. In fish culture practice, mainly hybridisation (interbreed and interline crosses of common carp) is used. Technologies for obtaining intergenus hybrids

(bighead carp X silver carp, common carp X goldfish) are developed and small quantities of these are used. Currently genetically modified species are not used in the country.

The ancestor of common carp cultured in ponds of Belarus was the Galician common carp, the blood of which still flows in pure lines of Belarus carps (Zhukov, 1994). In later times, common carp was crossed with Amur wild carp to increase its resistance to unfavourable conditions and this gave rise to elongated scaly forms. Due to the efforts of selection scientists and practical fish farmers of Belarus, the "Lakhvinskiy scaly" common carp breed reared by half of the country's farms has now been selected and approved, and the following breeds have to enter the approval process: "Izobelinskiy common carp" (without wild carp blood) and "Tremlyanskiy common carp," represented by scaly and mirror lineages.

Chinese carps were introduced to Belarus at the beginning of the 1960s from fish farms of the Russian Federation and the Central Asian republics. Most of the production consists of grass and bighead carps, while silver carp, preferring warmer waters, does not exceed 10 percent of production volumes. Of indigenous species, the highest production volumes are reached by Northern pike. Breeders of this species are collected in natural waters, while fish obtained in pond conditions are used in further reproduction.

Wels catfish, zander and tench offer a certain potential. Their broodstocks are also formed using fish caught in natural waters. Selection work with the offspring is going on with a view to their more widespread use in fish pond farming.

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

промышленное рыбоводство; замкнутая система водоснабжения; искусственно выращенные виды; рыбоводный завод; рыболовное орудие; природный водоем; специализироваться в разведении форели; обыкновенный карп; серебряный карась; белый амур; толстолобик; обыкновенная щука; обыкновенный сом; радужная форель; судак; линь.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1.Aquaculture in the Republic of Belarus is characterized by …

2.The main cultured species in Belarus is …

3.The total pond surface of the country is …

4.The main freshwater fish producer of the country is …

5.All fish species are reared using …

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1.What are the four main farming systems of aquaculture in the Republic of

Belarus?

2.Are there many fish pond farms and fish hatcheries in our country?

3.Where do the majority of privately owned enterprises rear fish?

4.What are the main cultured species in Belarus?

5.What methods and technologies are used in fish rearing?

DISCUSSION

Do you agree or not? Comment on the following statements.

1.The best fish swim near the bottom.

2.Never offer to teach fish to swim.

3.Fish begins to stink at the head.

4.He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet.

РАЗДЕЛ КОНТРОЛЯ ЗНАНИЙ

TEST "PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION. THE CHANGING STATE OF

THE FAMILY"

1.All members of a family at about the same age -delegation

-group -unit -generation

2.Become smaller in size

-shrink -think -drink -bring

3. The family is a group of people related by -food or meals

-housing -blood or law -education

4.The immediate descendant of a person -offstage

-offsider -offspring -offtype

5.A family including three or more generations living together -a blended family

-a nuclear family

-a single-parent family -an extended family

6.A traditional type of family

-extended -single-parent -nuclear -childless

6. A man who has never been married -bachelor

-spinster -groom -bride

8.Someone you work with -an employer

-a collegue -a groupmate -a flatmate

9.Someone who lives next door to you -a stranger

-a partner

-a neighbour -a collegue

10.Someone you know but not your friend -an acquiantance

-a friend

-an ex-boyfriend -a niece

11.Fiance

-жених -невеста -шафер

-подружка невесты

12.Groom -невеста -жених -шафер -сват

13.Bridemade -шафер -невеста -жених

-подружка невесты

14.Honemoon

-медовый месяц -медовая луна -медовое солнце -медовый год