УМК ин.яз.(английский) БТФ

Ex. 1. Vocabulary. The following sentences define some basic words about

Ex. 2 Which of the following statements seem to you to be generally true?

1People dislike work and avoid it if they can.

2Work is necessary to people's psychological well-being.

3People avoid responsibility and would rather be told what to do.

4People are motivated mainly by money.

5Most people are far more creative' and ingenious than their employers realize.

6People are motivated by anxiety about their security

7People want to be interested in their work and, given the right conditions, they will enjoy it.

8Under the right conditions, most people will accept responsibility and want to realize their own potential.

You may have noticed that the statements above can be separated into two groups reflecting two very different ways in which employers can treat their employees. These two approaches were summarized by a well-known American theorist of the psychology of work, Douglas McGregor, who named them Theory

X and Theory Y. Read the following text and then classify the statements above according to which theory they support.

In The Human Side of Enterprise, Douglas McGregor outlined two opposing theories of work and motivation. What he calls Theory X is the traditional approach to workers and working which assumes that people are lazy and dislike work, and that they have to be both threatened (for example, with losing their job) and rewarded. It assumes that most people are incapable of taking responsibility for themselves and have to be looked after. Theory Y, on the contrary, assumes that people have a psychological need to work and want achievement and responsibility.

Many people assume that Theory Y is more 'progressive' and an advance on Theory X, but later theorists argued that it makes much greater demands on both workers and managers than McGregor realized. Abraham Maslow, for example, spent a year studying a Californian company that used Theory Y, and concluded that its demands for responsibility and achievement are excessive for many people. He pointed out that there are always weak and vulnerable people, with little selfdiscipline, who need protection against the burden of responsibility. Even strong and healthy people need the security of order and direction. Managers cannot simply substitute Theory Y for Theory X. They have to replace the security provided by Theory X with a different structure of security and certainty.

Ex.1 Summarizing

Read the text again and complete the following sentences, using your own words as much as possible.

1According to Theory X, employers have to threaten workers because ...

2According to Theory Y, employers should give their workers responsibilities because...

3Maslow criticized Theory Y because ...

4Maslow argued that even though they might want to be given responsibilities at work...

Ex. 2 Discussion

One of the most important functions of a manager is to motivate the employees under his or her authority. But how? What kind of things motivate you? Which of the following factors have been or will be important for you in your choice of a job?

Classify them in order of importance.

good working conditions: enough space, light, heat and time, not too much noise, and so on

good administration and good labour relations

an adequate wage or salary, and benefits such as paid holidays, sick pay, a pension, and so on

job security

a challenging, interesting and creative job

responsibility

contact with people

opportunities to travel

holidays

flexible hours

long holidays

good career prospects

bossing people

dealing with children

getting on with your boss

another factor - what?

Ex. 3. Write a short account (about 200 words) of the factors that will be important for you in your choice of a job.

Reading

Text 3

Another well-known theorist of the psychology of work, Frederick Herzberg, has argued that many of the features listed above do not in fact motivate people. Read the following text and find out why.

'SATISFIERS' AND 'MOTIVATORS'

It is logical to suppose that things like good labour relations, good working conditions, good wages and benefits, and job security motivate workers. But in Work and the Nature of Man, Frederick Herzberg argued that such conditions do not motivate workers. They are merely 'satisfiers' or, more importantly, 'dissatisfiers' where they do not exist. 'Motivators', on the contrary/include things such as having a challenging and interesting job, recognition and responsibility, promotion, and so on.

However, even with the development of computers and robotics, there are and always will be plenty of boring, mindless, repetitive and mechanical jobs in all three sectors of the economy, and lots of unskilled people who have to do them.

So how do managers motivate people in such jobs? 0ne solution is to give them some responsibilities, not as individuals but as part of a team. For example, some supermarkets combine office staff, the people who fill the shelves, and the people who work on the checkout tills into a team and let them decide what product lines to stock, how to display them, and so on. Other employers ensure that people in repetitive jobs change them every couple of hours, as doing four different repetitive jobs a day is better than doing only one. Many people now talk about the importance of a company's

shared/values or corporate culture, with which all the staff can identify: for example, being the best hotel chain, or hamburger restaurant chain, or airline, or making the best, the safest, the most user-friendly, the, most ecological or the most reliable products in a particular field. Such values are more likely to motivate workers than financial targets, which ultimately only concern a few people. Unfortunately, there is only a limited number of such goals to go round, and by definition, not all the competing companies in an industry can seriously claim to be the best.

Ex.1 Summarizing. Read the text again and complete the following sentences, using your own words as much as possible.

1Herzberg suggested that good labour relations and working conditions ...

2According to Herzberg, the kind of things that motivate ...

3The problem with saying that only challenging, interesting and responsible jobs are motivating is that...

4Ways of motivating people in unskilled jobs include ...

5The problem with trying to motivate workers by the belief that their company is the best is that...

Ex.2 Case study.

According to what you have read, how would you attempt to motivate people with the following positions?

a bus driver in a big city, who has to work irregular hours, including early morning, evening, and night shifts

a nurse who works with seriously ill children

a sales representative for a pharmaceutical company who visits hospitals and doctors

a manual worker in the Printing House at Cambridge University Pressa shepherd

Would any of the following suggestions be appropriate? If not, what else can you suggest?

building sports facilities (a gymnasium, tennis courts, etc.)

establishing a profit-sharing programme

giving longer paid holidays (such as an extra day for every year worked over ten years)

giving a company car

offering career training

offering early retirement

paying a higher salary

paying productivity bonuses

reducing the working week (e.g. to 35 hours)

setting up a nursery for workers' pre-school age children

spending some money on decorating the organization's premises (with plants, pictures, etc.)

subsidizing the staff canteen

Text 4

Personal motivation

Personal motivation may be the key to your career success. Personal motivation often overrules other traits. You may think you can excel in business with talent, skills and knowledge alone, but it’s your day-to-day work habits that are the key to maximizing these traits. Often, the “magic bullet” that separates a good employee from a great one is personal motivation. People who perform at the top of their game each day share some specific attributes that keep them motivated. Here are some of the secrets of their success to help you advance your own career.

Personal motivation tips

Become passionate about your mission. Enthusiasm can be a powerful personal motivator because it keeps you energized. The more passion and commitment you feel about any objective, the more likely you’ll strive continuously to achieve it. If you’re not already doing work that you love, find ways to incorporate aspects of what you love into your daily life. Take control of your career.

Improve your time management skills. Organize yourself and prioritize your daily tasks. Make a to-do list. Write things down so you don’t forget. To avoid phone tag, leave detailed voice messages. All of these practices will go a long way toward enhancing your effectiveness on the job.

Take pride in your work. Approach every project with a high level of integrity, enthusiasm and professionalism. You’ll feel a sense of satisfaction with the results, your colleagues will be positively influenced by your behaviour, and your superiors will respect and reward you for your efforts.

Avoid negative experiences. Workplace political struggles, pessimistic colleagues and other emotionally draining situations should be avoided whenever possible. They are unnecessary setbacks that cause you to lose ground in your professional pursuits and work productivity.

Take a break. Go to lunch with a good friend. When it’s a nice day, enjoy a leisurely walk. Even go shopping if it’s in your budget. The whole idea is to give your mind a rest. Remember, while you’re not battery-powered, you still need to re-charge on a regular basis.

Rely on others. If you’re struggling with a particular problem on a project, don’t work yourself into a frenzy trying to figure it out alone. Reach out to others for help. You may pick up a new approach to an issue that can bring you closer to a solution.

Go easy on yourself. If you make a mistake, don’t let it get you down. Learn from it and identify ways to do a better job the next time. Taking a constructive approach leaves you less vulnerable to making the same mistake and helps you conserve the energy you’ll need to remain personally motivated. Also realize that certain events may take you off course, but you can decide to limit their effects on you and your overall attitude. Be determined to brush them off and stay the course

– and you will be successful doing so.

Keep a record of your success. Jot down every accomplishment on a piece of paper and put it in a folder. Call it your “feel good folder.” This provides a history of achievements on which you can draw when negative thoughts take hold.

Finish on a positive note. Sit back in your chair and relish the satisfaction of your day’s accomplishments. Next, create a rough plan for tomorrow. Clean up your office. The next day you’ll get off to a good start with a list of goals to achieve and an organized desk.

Consider extracurricular activity after work. Find a hobby, whether it’s a new sport or taking a class at your local adult education centre. You might also consider volunteering for a local charity. You’ll be surprised how these lifebalancing experiences can have a positive spill-over effect on your job when you return to it.

Enjoy your weekends. Sure, you probably have errands to run and other personal responsibilities on Saturday and Sunday. But avoid burn out. Carve out some free time for your own enjoyment. Doing so greatly increases the odds that you’ll return to work on Monday with a smile...and a desire to keep yourself personally motivated.

Discussion.

Do you agree with the advice given in this article?

Which advice seems the most important to you?

Is it easy to follow this advice?

Writing

Write an essay on one of the following topics:

-Why do people work? What are the main reasons?

-What is more important: money or job satisfaction?

References

1Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. – 4-th edition with Writing Assistant. – UK: Pearson Education Limited, 2005. – 1950 p.

2MacKenzie, I. English for Business Studies. A course for Business Studies and Economics students / I. MacKenzie. – Cambridge University Press, 2003. – P. 28-34.

3Motivation [электронный ресурс]. – режим доступа https://www.bcjobs.ca/. – Дата доступа:

10.11.2017.

4Pavlik, Ch. Hot topics 2 / Ch.Pavlik. – Thomson, Heinle, 2006. – p. 44-56.

5Василевская, Л.И. Business Correspondence: сб.материалов по курсу англ. делового письма: учеб. пособие / Л.И.Василевская. – Мн.: УП «ИВЦ Минфина», 2003. – С.193-212.

6Мельникова, О.О. Устные темы для подготовки к обязательному выпускному экзамену по английскому языку / О.О.Мельникова, Е.А.Гаврилова, Ю.В.Карпович. – 2-е изд., перераб.

– Минск: Аверсэв, 2016. – С. 17-18.

7Фастовец, Р.В. Практика английской речи = English Speech Practice : 2-й курс: учеб. пособие для студентов специальности ”Современные иностранные языки“ учреждений, обеспечивающих получение высш. образования / Р.В. Фастовец [и др.]; под ред. Р. В. Фастовец. – Мн.: ТетраСистемс, 2006. – С. 5-52.

AT THE DOCTOR'S

Consult the dictionary and translate the following words and word combinations:

Internal organs

circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, urinary tract

heart, lung, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, stomach, gall bladder / gallbladder, liver, small intestine, large intestine, kidney, bladder, spleen

aorta, artery, vein, capillary, blood, lymph, blood vessel, blood circulation endocrine glands, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, lymph glands

reproductive organs, conception, pregnancy, embryo, fetus, childbirth

to be pregnant, to have a baby, to give birth to a male child / female child

body fluids / bodily fluids, blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma), lymph, gastric juice, bile, mucus, tears, saliva, sweat, urine

Blood groups / blood types

blood group A, blood group B, blood group AB, blood group O / blood type O, blood type A, blood type B, blood type AB

Rh factor, Rh-positive, Rh-negative

Diseases and disorders malady, ailment, disorder, health problem

acute disease, serious disease, heart disease, common diseases contagious disease, communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases

to have a heart disease, to suffer from asthma, to catch an infectious disease

to have a headache, to have a toothache, to have earache, to have a pain in the stomach, to have chest pains, my left foot hurts, my wrist hurts

to have an allergy to medication / to drugs to lose consciousness, to be unconscious

Skin: skin irritation, skin inflammation, redness, tenderness, swelling, rash, dermatitis, itchy skin / itching, acne, pimple, boil, blister, burn, scar, scratch, corn, callus, wart, eczema, psoriasis

Hair: dandruff, split ends, thinning hair, hair loss, baldness

Eye: nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, crossed eyes, conjunctivitis, sty, retinal detachment, cataract, glaucoma, blindness, color-blindness

Ear: wax blockage, hearing loss, earache, ruptured eardrum, otitis / infection of the middle ear

Nose, throat, lungs: nosebleed, runny nose, stuffy nose, rhinitis, allergic rhinitis / hay fever, sinusitis, a cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma

Heart and circulation: atherosclerosis, hypertension / high blood pressure, heart disease, coronary heart disease, coronary thrombosis, heart failure, heart attack, cardiac arrest, congenital heart disease, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis

Blood: anemia, bleeding, internal bleeding, hemorrhage, hemophilia, leukemia

Brain and nervous system: headache, migraine, dizziness / giddiness / vertigo, fainting spell, neuralgia, meningitis, epilepsy, convulsions, seizure, stroke, paralysis, cerebral palsy, dementia

Nutrition: vitamin deficiency, mineral deficiency, obesity, to be overweight, weight loss, anorexia, bulimia

Stomach, intestines: heartburn, indigestion, dyspepsia, upset stomach, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastritis, ulcer, gastroenteritis, colitis, constipation, appendicitis, hemorrhoids, dysentery, cholera

Liver: hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis. Gall bladder: gallstones, cholecystitis

Kidneys, bladder: pyelonephritis, kidney stones, cystitis

Bones, joints: backache / back pain, scoliosis, osteoporosis, arthritis.

Muscles: muscle spasm, muscle cramp, muscular dystrophy, hernia

Injuries: injury, wound, trauma, hand injury, knee injury, foot injury, head injury, concussion, contusion, fracture, fractured bone, slipped disc / prolapsed disc, dislocation, sprain, sprained ankle, pulled muscle, bruise, to break one's arm, to have a broken arm

General infections / systemic infections: the flu / influenza, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, yellow fever, typhoid, smallpox, anthrax, leprosy

Infectious diseases (especially in childhood): measles, rubella / German measles, mumps, whooping cough / pertussis, diphtheria, polio, chicken pox, scarlet fever

Infestations, parasytes: helminthic invasion, tapeworm, pinworm, hookworm, roundworm, scabies, malaria, lice, fleas, ticks

Hormonal disorders: diabetes, disorders of the pituitary gland, disorders of the thyroid gland.

Oncology: benign tumor, malignant tumor, cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, skin cancer

Mental disorders: depression, phobia, schizophrenia

Addictions: alcohol abuse, drug abuse

Doctors, medical specialists physician, general practitioner, family doctor

surgeon, neurosurgeon, plastic surgeon, orthopedic surgeon, orthopedist neurologist, dermatologist, gastroenterologist, urologist, pediatrician, psychiatrist, oncologist, dentist, dietician

cardiologist / heart specialist, ophthalmologist / eye specialist, otolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat specialist)

women's doctor, gynecologist, obstetrician

anesthesiologist, radiologist, pharmacist, veterinarian nurse, paramedic

Medical examinations, tests, operations physical examination, to have a checkup, to have a medical; blood test, urine test, X-ray, electrocardiogram

to measure weight and height,

to check the pulse, check your pulse rate, to take the patient's pulse, to count the pulse, to count the heartbeats

immunization, medical history

to dress the wound, to put a broken arm in a cast

to check into a hospital, to have an operation, to undergo an operation to give a blood transfusion, to donate blood, blood donor

tonsils removal, appendix removal, heart surgery, organ transplantation, kidney transplant

plastic surgery, cosmetic surgery, skin graft

Medicines drug, medication, preparation, medicament, remedy

a cold medicine, a medicine for a cold, cold remedies

to prescribe medication, to give a prescription (for allergy, rash, cough, etc.) to take a pill, to take aspirin

capsule, powder, drops, syrup, tincture, lotion, spray, ointment, cream

analgesic / analgetic, antacid, antibiotic, tranquillizer, contraceptive, laxative, decongestant

antiseptic, anti-bacterial spray, rubbing alcohol, iodine, to paint with iodine medicine chest, medicine cabinet, first-aid kit

Vocabulary Exercises

Exercise 1

Fill in the gaps with suitable prepositions: to suffer … asthma

to be allergic … pollen

to give birth … a male child a medicine … a cold

to be … poor health

to recover … an illness to check … a hospital

to give a prescription … cough

Exercise 2