УМК ин.яз.(английский) БТФ

4.What fats are dangerous for our health?

5.What are the main factors that determine the food we eat?

6.What are three main messages to follow for healthy eating?

INACTIVITY AND HEALTH PROBLEMS

For years health researchers had noticed that inactive people had more health problems than active people. Some of their studies compared the cardiovascular systems of people who did active work (such as carpentry or delivering mail) with those of people who sat in one place most of the day. In every study the active people suffered fewer heart diseases. And in every age group their death rates were lower than the death rates of inactive people.

These are some of the health problems connected with inadequate physical activity:

obesity heart disease

high blood pressure

injuries to muscles, ligaments, tendons injuries and pain in bones and joints respiratory diseases

stress

depression and anxiety

The connection between this gloomy list and lack of exercise is simple. The body is like a finely tuned, complicated machine. If it is cared for, the different parts keep working well. If it is neglected, those parts get creaky and rusty. They are broken or injured more easily.

Have you ever broken an arm or a leg? If so, you know what happened when the cast came off. Your muscles had begun to atrophy. That is, the muscles had begun to waste away from lack of use. Bones and joints, too, had gotten weaker because of disuse. That's what happens to people who do not exercise. Parts of their bodies begin to grow weak. Because their muscles and bones are weak, such individuals are more prone to injury than fit people. Their bodies also tend to age faster. Many people who don't exercise are also overweight. That's because the human body has a system for storing fat. In times when food was scarce, the fat storage mechanism helped people to survive. But in these days of overeating and underexercising, the same mechanism threatens our health and survival.

Exercise 1

Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions:

сердечно-сосудистая система; уровень смертности; высокое кровяное давление; повреждение мышц, связок, сухожилий; боль в суставах; респираторные заболевания; пренебрегать, игнорировать; атрофироваться; чахнуть, истощаться; стареть, угрожать здоровью и жизни.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1.For years health researchers had noticed that inactive people had more….

2.Active people suffer less … and their death rates are ….

3.Some of the health problems connected with inadequate physical activity include …..

4.If our body is cared for, the different parts ….

5.If our body is neglected, those parts ….

6.Many people who don't exercise are ….

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1.Does our health depend on our activity?

2.What health problems are connected with inadequate physical activity?

3.How does our body work?

4.What happens to people who do not exercise?

TRANS FATS

Does your mouth water when you think of potato chips, donuts, and pie? Many people prefer "junk food" to healthy food because they develop a taste for it. Processed, baked, and fried foods typically contain a high amount of trans fats.

Trans fats raise bad cholesterol in the body.

Trans fat raises the bad cholesterol in your body and lowers the good cholesterol that the body needs. Fatty foods do more than cause obesity. Trans fats build up in the body and block blood flow to the heart. People whose diet contains a high percentage of trans fats are at risk for heart disease and stroke.

Trans fat is a semi-solid type of oil. It is made by adding hydrogen to liquid oil. Food companies and restaurants like to use trans fat oil because it is inexpensive and makes food like crackers and baked goods last longer. It also improves the taste and texture of food. Trans fats became very popular in the second half of the 20th century. This is around the time when butter got a bad name. People were told to use margarine instead because it was made from trans fats.

Nutrition labels help consumers make healthier choices.

Today doctors know how dangerous these processed foods are. In countries such as the US and Canada there are new government restrictions on food production. Food and beverage makers have to attach a Nutrition Fact label to their products. These list daily recommendations and detail all ingredients including the amount of trans fats in a product. New York City banned trans fats from all restaurants. Even fast food chains such as McDonalds are being forced to change their recipes. In Europe, food manufacturers have started using a voluntarily labeling system at the consumers' request.

Most fat intake should come from unsaturated fats.

We all need some fat in our diet. There are three different types of fats: saturated fats, trans fats, and unsaturated fats. Doctors recommend that we get most of our fatty calories from unsaturated fats. Neither butter nor margarine fit in this category, though there are some spreads that contain zero trans fats. Labels are a good way to avoid eating fatty foods that are dangerous for your health. Another way is to avoid eating out. When shopping for groceries, buy the majority of your goods in the fresh food aisles.

(Borrowed from https://www.englishclub.com/reading/health/trans-fats- reading.htm)

Exercise 1

Consult the dictionary and give definitions to the following words and expressions:

junk food, trans fats, nutrition, ingredients, saturated fats, unsaturated fats.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1.The type of foods that go into a recipe are called …

2.Potato chips and chocolate bars are examples of …

3.Food that you find delicious can make your mouth ….

4.According to the article, too much fatty food causes …

5.Nine out of ten is a…

(Borrowed from https://www.englishclub.com/reading/health/trans-fats- reading.htm)

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1.What kind of food does typically contain a high amount of trans fats?

2.What do trans fats do to the body?

3.What can happen to people whose diet contains a high percentage of trans

fats?

4.Why do food companies and restaurants like to use trans fat oil?

5.What are the ways of avoiding trans fats intake?

TRANSLATION

Translate the sentences into the English language.

1.Транс жиры повышают уровень холестерина в нашем организме.

2.Жирная еда, а также “фастфуд” являются основной причиной ожирения.

3.Нехватка физической активности может привести к сердечным заболеваниям, высокому кровяному давлению, а также к повреждению мышц, связок и сухожилий.

4.Продукты, которые мы едим, должны быть богаты питательными веществами: белками, жирами, углеводами.

5.Ежедневные спортивные тренировки придают нашему телу гибкость, выносливость и предотвращают многие заболевания.

6.При малоподвижном образе жизни наши мышцы атрофируются.

7.Избегайте модифицированных продуктов и жиров с высоким содержанием насыщенных жирных кислот.

8. Здоровое питание необходимо для того, чтобы быть в хорошей физической форме.

DISCUSSION

Do you agree or not? Comment on the following statements.

1.Health is not valued till sickness comes.

2.Prevention is better than cure.

3.Eat to live, not live to eat.

4.You are what you eat.

5.A healthy man is a successful man.

6.He, who has health, has hope; and he who has hope has everything.

CROSSWORD

Do the crossword on the topical vocabulary

16

Across:

1. transformed, changed slightly

3. to keep away from or stop oneself from doing (something) 5. to use or do less of something

7. to keep (something) from happening

9. to grow old or older

11. (of a substance or activity) causing or likely to cause someone to become addicted to it

14. a substance taken for its narcotic or stimulant effects, often illegally 16. to use (something) to bad effect or for a bad purpose; misuse

19. an illegal amphetamine-based synthetic drug with euphoric effects, originally produced as an appetite suppressant

Down:

2. to make (something, especially something bad) happen

4. a substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth

6. characterized by, relating to, or produced by addition

8. exceeding a prescribed or desirable amount

10. any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose

13. a natural oily substance occurring in animal bodies, especially when deposited as a layer under the skin or around certain organs

15. the state of being free from illness or injury

17.any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth

18.the condition of being physically fit and healthy

20. the state of being extremely fat

Exercise 1

Chose the words from the topical vocabulary to match the definitions:

•the gradual rise in the earth’s temperature caused by high levels of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere;

•unwanted or unusable materials, substances or by-products;

•a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals;

•a long period of time during which no rains fall;

•the problem caused by increased quantities of gases such as carbon dioxide in the air;

•a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its

fertility.

Exercise 2

Give the synonyms to the following words: to reduce

to ruin power

plants and animals to preserve

to make dirty

Exercise 3

Use the words from the topical vocabulary to fill in the gaps.

1.A million tones of untreated sewage is … into the sea.

2.The villagers were cut off by … and landslides.

3.Recycling also helps to control environmental …. by reducing the need for … dumps.

4.The … … protects living things from the harmful radiation of the sun.

5.The waste was … of in the North Sea.

THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Environmental protection is the main problem facing humanity nowadays. The image of a sick planet has become firmly established in the public mind lately.

Some time ago the word 'ecology' hardly meant anything for the majority of people, but today we can't help bearing it in our minds. It has happened because of the growing effect of the rapid industrial development of the natural world which has negative features of its own. As a matter of fact the state of environment has greatly worsened of late.

There is no doubt that soil, water and air are contaminated with toxic wastes. Over the past few years we have been constantly speaking about ozone holes, droughts, high level of radiation, about food contaminated with chemicals. Scientists in many countries are very much concerned about drastic changes in weather patterns. The worst drought, the mildest winter and the most devastating hurricanes have become typical in those parts of the world where they used to be of rare occurrence.

Weather patterns have been changing recently due to the global warmingup process and its major reason — the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is created by carbon dioxide emissions, released by industrial facilities and a constantly increasing number of cars. Thus it is of vital importance that the world should start cutting down the release of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. What is the reason for people getting so much worried about the state of environment? The answer to this question is fairly simple. The thing is the deterioration of the environment is telling heavily on people. They are paying for this with their health. And it is obvious what all people need is a healthy environment.

To solve this burning problem it is necessary for people to combine efforts, to raise safety standards at all industrial facilities, to adequately process byproducts of industry, to set up an international space laboratory to monitor the state of environment and set up an international centre for emergency environmental assistance. All these measures will help us in solving these important problems and prevent us from dangerous illnesses and diseases.

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

охрана (зашита) окружающей среды; укорениться; почва; токсичные отходы; заражать, инфицировать (в том числе отравляющими и радиоактивными веществами); беспокоиться; опустошительный, разрушительный; происходить редко; парниковый эффект; углекислый газ, двуокись углерода; промышленные предприятия; быть необычайно важным; выброс газов; поднимать требования к технике безопасности; хорошо перерабатывать промышленные отходы.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1.Environmental protection is the main ….

2.There is no doubt that soil, water and air are …

3.Over the past few years we have been constantly speaking about …

4.Weather patterns have been changing recently due to …

5.The greenhouse effect is created by …

6.To solve this burning problem it is necessary for people to …

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1.Why is the word “ecology” so important for the majority of people nowadays?

2.What are the scientists in many countries concerned about?

3.What is the greenhouse effect?

4.What is the reason for people getting so much worried about the state of environment?

5.What should be done to solve the most important environmental problems?

NATURE PROTECTION

Computers project that between now and the year of 2030 we are going to have increase of the average temperature between 1,5—4,5 Degrees C. Sea levels would rise by several metres, flooding coastal areas and ruining vast tracts of farmland. Huge areas would be infertile and become uninhabitable. Water contamination could lead to shortages of safe drinking water. It looks like the end of civilization on the Earth.

The range of environmental problems is wide. But the matters of people's great concern nowadays are atmosphere and climate changes, depletion of the ozone layer, freshwater resources, oceans and coastal areas, deforestation and desertification, biological diversity, biotechnology, health and chemical safety.

Acid Rains. One of the most alarming forms of air pollution is acid rain. Scientific studies have shown that the process that results in the formation of acid rain generally begins with the discharge of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. These waste gases are released by the combustion of fossil fuels by automobiles, electric power plants, and smelting and refining facilities. They also are emitted by some biological processes. The gases combine with atmospheric water vapor to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When rain or some other form of precipitation falls to the surface, it is highly acidic. The consequent acidification of surface and subsurface waters is widely believed to have a detrimental effect on the ecology of the affected areas. As highly acidic water is toxic to many aquatic organisms, many lakes in these regions are biologically

damaged. It also has been found that acid precipitation is harmful to trees and other forms of vegetation, causing foliar injury and reduction in growth.

Depletion of the Ozone Layer. The protective layer of the Earth, the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the sun's destructive UV (ultraviolet) rays, is being damaged by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). They are released by the daily use of industrial and household products: refrigerators, air conditioners, foam insulation, cleaning chemicals, food packaging. In the ozone layer they attack the ozone molecules making a «hole». This «hole» allows more UV rays to penetrate to the Earth. It increases the risk of skin cancer, weakens the immune system of people.

Besides, UV rays influence the oceans, the growth of plankton, an essential part of the marine-life food chain in the negative way, reduce economically important-crops (rice, cotton, soy beans). The life cycle is going to be undermined by the ozone.

Destruction of the Tropical Forest. It's generally agreed that the destruction of the tropical forest has a major impact on the world climate. The tropical rain forest is a natural recycler, provider and protector for our planet. It recycles carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, helps determine temperature, rainfall and other climatic conditions and supports the most diverse ecosystem in the world. Deforestation could cause one forth of all species on earth to vanish in the next 25 years.

Animal extinction. It is the dying out or termination of a race or species. Extinction occurs when a species can no longer reproduce at replacement levels. Most extinctions are thought to have resulted from environmental changes that affected the species in either of two ways. The doomed species might not have been able to adapt to the changed environment and thus perished without descendants; or it may have adapted but, in the process, may have evolved into a distinctly new species. The effect of humans on the environment, through hunting, collecting, and habitat destruction, has become a significant factor in plant and animal extinctions.

Recycling. It is recovery and reprocessing of waste materials for use in new products. The basic phases in recycling are the collection of waste materials, their processing or manufacture into new products, and the purchase of those products, which may then themselves be recycled. Typical materials that are recycled include iron and steel scrap, aluminum cans, glass bottles, paper, wood, and plastics. The materials reused in recycling serve as substitutes for raw materials obtained from such increasingly scarce natural resources as petroleum, natural gas, coal, mineral ores, and trees. Recycling can help reduce the quantities of solid waste deposited in landfills, which have become increasingly expensive. Recycling also reduces the pollution of air, water, and land resulting from waste disposal.

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations: