Famous Buildings

The Colosseum is an incredibly impressive building. It is a vast amphitheatre and big crowds used to go there to watch gladiators and fights between wild animals. It is made of stone and concrete, and although it was damaged by earthquakes in the 15th century, the main structure has survived for almost 2,000 years.

The Eiffel Tower is one of the world's best-known landmarks. It looks elegant and graceful rising above Paris. It was built as a temporary structure for the 1889 Universal Exhibition but has never been taken down, although there was a lot of opposition from the public to it. It is 300 metres tall – and it was the world's tallest structure until about 1930.

The Golden Gate Bridge spans the mile-wide mouth of San Francisco Bay. The total length of the bridge is 2,739 metres. The bridge expands on hot days and contracts when it is cold. On hot days the heat lengthens the cable. As a result the bridge becomes 4.9 metres lower and 1.8 metres longer. The bridge was opened on 21 May 1937, during which 200,000 people walked across the bridge. On the morning of the following day it was opened to traffic.

Big Ben is the universal symbol of London. It is the bell which strikes the hours dictated by the Palace Clock (23 ft in diametre) in its 320-feet Tower. The great bell got its name in the 19th century after Sir Benjamin Hall, First Commissioner of Works, and a very tall, stout man, whose nickname was “Big Ben”. The bell and the clock are on the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament.

WRITING TASK

Write about any magnificent building. What is the universal symbol of your city?

TRANSLATION

Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright learned his skills as an architect and engineer in Chicago, at the offices of Adler and Sullivan. They created some of the finest skyscrapers in the United States. They designed innovative structures such as open plan office instead of traditional rectangular rooms with doors. Wright learned much from the firm's engineering experience and its attention to details. He also developed his own ideas.

Wright collected Japanese prints. Besides constructing large buildings, Wright designed lovely houses not only to look at, but also lovely ones to live in. He often designed not just the house, but all its furniture and even the dinner service to create what he called an “organic unity” of materials and space.

Wright was the most important US architect. He was one of the first architects to use reinforced concrete in buildings; one of the first to use flat roofs; one of the first to design a large building to withstand an earthquake – the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. He was a remarkable architect, designing over 700 buildings during his 60-year career.

WRITING TASK

Write about an outstanding arts representative and his or her ideas. What do you think who the most important architect of our country is?

IV Профессиональная сфера общения

(Я и моя будущая профессия)

Unit 6

6.1. PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY

When work is a pleasure, life is a joy!

Maxim Gorky, 1868- 1936, Russian writer

ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значения, обращая внимание на части речи:

а) существительные: economist, intelligence, expert, activity, career, information, finance, utilization, operation, resources, behaviour, mechanism, factor, standard, risk

б) глаголы: produce, analyze, plan, practice, adapt

ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Подберите русские соответствия английским словам, данным под чертой.

consumer behaviour, full employment, goods and services, the ability and the willingness, objective, living standards, affect, labour economics, by means of, no matter

цель, товары и услуги, поведение потребителя, уровень жизни, посредством, полная занятость, оказывать воздействие, способность и желание, неважно, экономика рынка

ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов.

1. People get resources from the earth.

2. The economist studies consumers' behaviour in the service markets.

3. Consumers buy goods from manufacturers.

4. We study Economics.

5. The growth of industry and agriculture affects the life of all the people in the country.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Используя данные слова, скажите, какие качества важны для успешной профессиональной деятельности экономиста.

To be a professional economist (manager, accountant, book-keeper, financial analyst, banker, auditor) it is necessary to (be, have) … .

• training and experience

• ability and willingness

• plan, prepare and practice

• use new information

• learn and adapt modern skills

• know computers and data processing

• know foreign languages

ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:

1) demands on – требования к

The demands on economists are very great.

2) experience – опыт

He has enough experience for this job.

3) one never stops learning – никогда не нужно прекращать учиться

In Economics one never stops learning.

4) to evaluate – оценивать

Economists evaluate and use new information.

5) data processing — обработка данных

Data processing is he handling of large amounts of information.

6) market mechanism – рыночный механизм

Economists take interest in the relationship between “price system” and “market mechanism”.

7) industrial economics – экономика промышленности

Industrial economics is an applied area of study.

8) an approach – подход, метод

There are three main approaches to economics.

9) development economics — экономика развития

Development economics studies the factors of economic growth.

10) a supplier – поставщик

11) a consumer – потребитель

12) goods – товары

Individuals are considered both as suppliers of labour and as consumers of goods.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7. Прочитайте текст к теме «Professional Activity».

The demands on economists or accountants are very great. No matter how great their intelligence, training and experience, they can never be experts in everything. In Economics one never stops learning. The ability and the willingness to find out are very important.

Business is an increasingly important activity throughout the world today. There are now five fields of business those offer exciting careers:

• management – the activities guiding a company to reach its objectives;

• marketing – the movement of goods and services from producer to customer;

• accounting – the measurement and communication of financial information;

• finance - the acquisition and utilization of capital to start up, operate, and expand a business;

• computers and data processing – the handling of large amounts of information concerning business operations.

Economists are interested in problems that affect prices of goods and services and also resources necessary to produce them. Economists also take interest in sellers' and buyers' behaviour in the market, in the relationship between “price system” and “market mechanism”.

There are three main approaches to economics: microeconomics, macroeconomics and development economics. There are also several specialized (applied) areas of study. Among them are money economics, international economics, labour economics, industrial economics, agricultural economics, civil engineering economics, growth economics, mathematical economics, etc. Civil engineering economics is developing rapidly and successfully as it is important for most countries of the world.

Microeconomics studies the economic behaviour of individual consumers, firms or industries. The distribution of products and income among all these units is also analyzed by microeconomics. Individuals are considered both as suppliers of labour and as consumers of goods. Firms are also studied both as suppliers of products and as consumers of labour and capital.

The term “macroeconomics” was first used in the 1930s. Macroeconomics studies such questions as achievement of full employment and economic growth by means of proper government policies. This area of economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes.

Development economics studies the factors of economic growth and how these factors are used by governments in order to achieve high living standards.

Business today is full of risk and opportunity. Many people need to plan, prepare, and practice to create a successful business. Economists are to be able to evaluate and use new information. Finally, they have to learn modern skills and adapt to changing technology.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8. Закончите предложения.

1. No matter how great the intelligence of manages, they can never be … .

2. The ability and the willingness to find out are … .

3. Business is an increasingly important … .

4. Marketing is the movement of goods and services from … .

5. Economists are interested in problems that affect prices of … .

6. Microeconomics studies the economic behaviour of … .

7. Many people need to plan, prepare, and practice to create … .

ЗАДАНИЕ 9. Соедините части предложений A и B по смыслу.

A

1. Resources and labour are necessary

2. It is necessary to know marketing

3. It is not enough to study economic theory

4. To buy goods and services it is necessary for a consumer

5. Development of trade

B

a. is essential for economic growth of a country.

b. to produce goods.

c. to sell goods and services well.

d. to have enough money.

e. to be a good economist.

ЗАДАНИЕ 10. Переведите на английский язык, используя слова и выражения из текста «Professional Activity».

1. Есть много качеств, которые очень важны для экономиста.

2. Экономист должен уметь организовывать и планировать.

3. Важным качеством менеджера является умение оценивать результаты компании.

4. Экономист должен уметь оценивать и использовать новую информацию.

5. Бухгалтерский учет занимается измерением и передачей финансовой информации.

ЗАДАНИЕ 11. Ответьте на вопросы о Вашей будущей профессиональной деятельности.

1. What are the demands on economists?

2. What are the tasks of a manager?

3. What problems are economists interested in?

4. What are three main approaches to economics?

5. What applied areas of economics do you know?

6. What does microeconomics study?

7. Whose economic behaviour is studied by microeconomics?

8. How are individuals considered by microeconomics?

9. How is economy considered in macroeconomics?

10. What is studied by development economics?

11. What fields of business are there those offer exciting careers?

ЗАДАНИЕ 12. Подготовьте дома рассказ о профессиональной деятельности экономиста.