Kidney:

Symptoms and syndromes

Kidney functions

•Excretion of nitrogen metabolism rests (urea, uric acid, creatinin)

•Excretion of organic substances (glucose, amino acides)

•Regulation of water-electrolyte balance (Na, K, Mg, Cl, HCO3, PO4)

•Regulation of acid-base balance (absorption of HCO3, excretion of H+)

•Production of hormones and bioactive substances (renin, prostaglandins, kinins, erythropoietin, active forms of D3, urokinase)

Nephron - functional unit of the kidney

Found in cortex and medulla

Urine is created in the enthrones and drains into the collecting ducts

Electronic microscopy: glomerular capillary loops

Scheme of glomerulus structur

Investigation methods of kidneys and urinary tract

•Complains

•Anamnesis morbi (illness history)

•Anamnesis vitae (life history)

•Physical examination

•Laboratory investigations

•Visualizing techniques

Complains

• Nonspecific (feebleness, head ache, dyspnea, fever, nausea, diarrhea, itching, arthritis, bruises and hemorrhages)

•Edema (face, eyelids)

•Changes of diuresis

-oliguria (<500 ml/24 h) -anuria (<100 ml/24 h)

-ischuria (acute urinary tract obstruction) -polyuria (>2 l/24 h)

-nycturia (predominance of night diuresis)

• Pain

-loin region (acute pyelonephritis, acute glomerulonephritis, kidney infarction, kidney colic, paranephritis, nephroptosis)

-suprapubic (urinary bladder) -perineum (prostatic gland)

• Abnormalities of urination (disuria): painful, frequent (pollakiuria), difficult

(stranguria), incontinence

• Changed urine: red (macrohematuria), «meat slops», foggy, sand and stones