Syndromes in blood disorders
•Syndrome of circulatory hypoxia
•Anemic syndrome
•Syndrome of sideropenia (Plummer-Vinson syndrome)
•Syndrome of anemic heart (cor anemicum)
•Syndrome of hemolysis
•Hemorrhagic syndrome
•Lymphoproliferative syndrome
•Syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation
Structure of erythrocyte
Structure of hemoglobin molecule
Function of erythrocyte
Clinical presentation of circulatory-hypoxic syndrome
Fatigue |
Weakness |
Pallor |
Palpitations |
Dyspnea |
Chest pain |
Dizziness |
Cold extremities |
Headache |
Main cause: insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues due to anemia
Anemic syndrome
Low level of hemoglobin and/or RBC in the blood
Diagnostic criteria
Hb <120 g/l in females
Hb <130 g/l in males
Hb <110 g/l in pregnant women
• May be accompanied by changes in mean corpuscular volume (MCV):
↓MCV - microcytosis (<80 fl), |
↑MCV – macrocytosis (>100 fl) |
mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) |
|
↓ MCH – hypochromia (< 27pg), |
↑ MCH – hyperchromia ( > 31 pg) |
• Causes: all types of anaemia
Sideropenic syndrome
Cause: impaired synthesis of tissue enzymes due to iron deficiency
Sideropenic syndrome
Pica:
•Craving for unusual smells: petrol, acetone, paints
•Unusual craving for non-nutritive substances: chalk, dirt, clay, rocks, ice
Sideropenic syndrome: changes in epithelial tissues
Site |
Findings |
Skin |
Xeroderma, exfoliation of the skin |
|
|
Nails |
Flattening |
|
Koilonychia (spoon-shaped) |
|
Brittle nails |
Hair |
Brittle hair |
|
|
Tongue |
Soreness, burning |
|
Mild papillary atrophy |
|
Absence of filiform papillae |
Mouth |
Angular stomatitis |
|
|
Hypopharinx |
Dysphagia |
|
Esophageal webs |
Stomach |
Achlorhydria |
|
Gastritis |
