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- •Endocrine disorders
- •Syndromes in endocrinology
- •Feedback control of target endocrine organs
- •Thyroid gland: anatomy
- •Palpation of the thyroid gland
- •Goiter
- •Classification of goiter
- •Laboratory evaluation in thyroid gland diseases
- •Relation between target hormone level and trophic hormones level in normal and disease
- •Imaging of the thyroid gland
- •Scintigraphy of thyroid gland
- •Syndrome of hyperthyroidism
- •Thyrotoxicosis
- •Causes of thyrotoxicosis
- •Causes of primary thyrotoxicosis
- •Proptosis (exophthalmos)
- •Palmar erythema
- •Plummer’s nails (onychomycosis and onycholysis) in thyrotoxicosis
- •Pretibial myxedema
- •Thyroid acropathy
- •Difference in thyrotoxicosis presentation
- •Diagnostic evaluation in thyrotoxicosis
- •Autoantibody tests for hyperthyroidism
- •Scintigraphy in thyrotoxicosis
- •Grave`s disease
- •Clinical presentation of Grave`s disease
- •Goiter in Grave`s disease
- •Grave`s ophtalmopathy
- •Presentation of Grave`s ophtalmopathy
- •Periorbital edema
- •Eye symptoms in Graves disease
- •Treatment of thyrotoxicosis
- •Hypothyroidism
- •Hypothyroidism
- •Clinical presentation of hypothyroidism
- •Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism
- •Myxedema
- •Rheumatologic:
- •Laboratory findings
- •Treatment
- •Syndrome of hypercorticism (Cushing`s syndrome)
- •Иценко Николай Михайлович
- •Clinical presentation of Cushing`s syndrome
- •Steps of laboratory evaluation
- •Imaging. Pituitary gland
- •Imaging. Adrenal glands
- •Adrenal adenocarcinoma with metastases in the liver
- •Treatment
- •Adrenal insufficiency
- •Signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency
- •Diagnostic evaluation
- •Treatment of chronic adrenal insufficiency
- •Acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis)
- •Clinical presentation of acute adrenal crisis
- •Treatment of adrenal crisis
Acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis)
Life-threatening emergency
•Abrupt adrenal failure
•Bilateral adrenal infarction
•Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage (Waterhouse-Friedrichson syndrome)
•Primary adrenal insufficiency
•Serious infection, sepsis
•Acute stress in previously undiagnosed cases
•Secondary adrenal insufficiency
•Abrupt withdrawal from GC
•Catastrophic HPA axis failure
•Head trauma
•Haemorrhage of pituitary adenoma
•Postpartum hypopituitarism (Sheehan syndrome
Clinical presentation of acute adrenal crisis
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal (pseudoperitoneal)
Neuro-psychiatric (meningo-encephalitic)
N Engl J Med 2019; 381:852-861
Treatment of adrenal crisis
1.Rehydration
2.Hydrocortisone i.v.
3.Symptomatic treatment of the cause
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