II. Answer the following questions:

1. Who gives the judgment?

2. What may the judgment be in a criminal action?

3. What may the judgment be a civil action?

4. Who pays the court costs of the trial?

5. Is the judgment of a lower court final?

6. What are the examples of possible errors during the trial?

7. Where can the losing party appeal against the judgment?

8. What can be possible decisions of an appeal court?

9. How is the execution made in a civil case?

10. What items are exempt from execution?

11. What is a judgment proof defendant?

III. Match the following terms with their definitions:

1. arbitrator	a. Final result of a trial.
2. contempt of court	b. One, other than a judge, who can make a decision that is binding on the parties to a dispute.
3. evidence	c. Person who was present during an incident and has personal knowledge of the facts.
4. execution	d. Oral statements given as evidence by witnesses under oath.
5. hung jury	e. Body of citizens selected to determine questions of fact.
6. judgment	f. Process by which a judgment for money is enforced.
7. litigate	g. Written order commanding a person to appear in court as a witness and to give testimony.
8. plaintiff	h. Decision of a jury.
9. procedural law	i. The body of law concerned with enforcement of legal rights and duties.
10. subpoena	j. Party who brings a civil action against another.
11. substantive law	k. To take a dispute to court.
12. testimony	l. Anything that provides information used to prove or disprove alleged facts.
13. trial jury	m. Jury unable to agree unanimously upon a verdict.
14. verdict	n. Process by which a judgment is enforced by court order.
15. witness	o. Willful disrespect to a court or disobedience of its orders.

IV. Translate into Russian: reviewing important points

1. Law includes not only the rules of conduct but also the means for enforcing those rules. Any set of rules would be useless without mechanism for enforcement.

2. Civil law is enforced through the courts at the re­quest of the injured party, who is assisted by a pri­vate lawyer. Criminal law is enforced through the courts by the prosecuting attorney, who is aided by the police.

3. In civil actions, the plaintiff brings suit against the defendant. In criminal actions, the prosecution (the state) brings action against the defendant (the ac­cused).

4. A criminal action usually begins with an arraign­ment. The defendant must plead guilty or not guilty to the charges.

5. A civil action is generally begun by the plaintiff fil­ing a complaint. A process server then delivers a sum­mons and copy of the complaint to the defendant. The defendant must answer the complaint or lose the case by default.

6. Members of a trial jury should be impartial, should not be biased or prejudiced, and should vote honestly and fairly in reaching a verdict.

7. Evidence usually consists of testimony, but it may include documents, objects, pictures, etc.

8. Persons who have knowledge of the facts in a case may be ordered by subpoena to appear in court as witnesses and to give testimony.

9. Most trials are concluded with judgment by the trial court. However, a judgment may ordinarily be ap­pealed to a higher court. The higher court will either affirm or (if there was a serious error of law in the trial) reverse the decision or send the case back to the court from which it came to have further action tak­en on it there.