18 Translators of the 19th-21th

The second half of the nineteenth century was marked by a regular revival of translation in Ukraine on the one hand and by direct prohibitions of the Ukrainian language and culture in Russia on the As a result, the publishing of Ukrainian translations and works of Ukrainian national authors in general was greatly hindered. One of the most prolific прэлИфик Ukrainian poets, is a figure of I. Franko. Among the translators of these and other works besides I. Franko and his son Petro Franko were later O.Mykhalevych, PKarmans'kyi, O.OIes', I.Petrusevych, A.Voloshyn, M.Lozyns'kyi.

In his fifty-volume collection of works, which came off the press in Kyiv in 1970's, seven large volumes were dedicated to versification drawn from different languages and cultures of the world. His faithful translations, free interpretations and free adaptations originated from works created by scores of various authors. A victim of the Stalinist terror тэрэ against the Ukrainian intellectuals in the 1930's, M.Voronyi successfully versified Весифайд poetic works from Italian (part of Дантис Dante's Дивайн Divine Comedy), English (Shakespeare).

The well-known poet and translator V.Samiylenko (1864-1925) He began in 1887 with the translation of a part of Homer's Iliad Илиед, which was followed by ten cantos of Dante's The Divine Comedy (1902).Mykola Lukash was most prolific during the relatively favourable twenty-year period when he translated “Faust”, “MAdame Bovary”, the Boccaccio’s “Decameron” and many other works.

19 Theories translation modern

Aspect, , transformational, functional equivalence theory

denotative approach

The transformational approach is insufficient when the original text corresponds to one invisible concept which is rendered by the translator as a text in another language also corresponding to the relevant invisible concept.

For instance, the translation of almost any piece of poetry cannot be explained by simple substitution of source language words and word combinations for those of target language.

This type of translation is characteristic of any text, written or spoken, rather than only for poetry or high-style prose and the denotative approach is an attempt to explain such translation cases. According to denotative approach the process of translation consists of the following mental operations:

• translator reads (hears) a message in the source language;

• translator finds a denotatum and concept that correspond to this message;

• translator formulates a message in the target language relevant to the above denotatum and concept.

The skopos theory of translation studies employs the prime principle of a purposeful action that determines a translation strategy. It was coined by Hans Vermeer. According to Vermeer, there are three possible types of purposes. Firstly, a general purpose that a translator strives for, such as translating as a source of professional income. Secondly, a communicative purpose of a target text in a target circumstance, such as to instruct the audience. Thirdly, the purpose of a translation strategy or approach, such as to exhibit the structural traits of the source language.

transformational approach

According to the transformational approach translation is viewed as the transformation of objects and structures of the source language into those of the target.

In the transformational approach three levels of substitutions: morphological equivalences, lexical equivalences, and syntactic equivalences and/or transformations.

In the process of translation:

• at the morphological level morphemes (both word-building and word-changing) of the source language are substituted for those of the target;

• at lexical level words and word combinations of the source language are substituted for those of the target;

• at the syntactic level syntactic structures of the source language are substituted for those of the target.

For example, in the process of translation, the English word room is transformed into Ukrainian words кімната or простір.