9 Types of word formation in English and Ukrainian

Word-Formation is the process of building new words on the basis of other words or morphemes.

1. Compounding словоскладання forms a word out of two or more root morphemes. The words are called compounds or compound words. E.g. fireplace cupcake dog house,

In Ukrainian lexicological tradition compounding is subdivided into: 1. Stem-combining with the help of interfixes such as о, е, є (доброзичливий, життєрадісний) or without them (триповерховий); 2. Combining several words in one complex word (салон-перукарня)

2. Derivation is the creation of words by modification of a root without the addition of other roots. Often the effect is a change in part of speech. For example, writer is derived from write, kindness is derived from kind. Joyful is derived from joy. National is derived from nation.

3. Blending словозлиття is the word formation process in which parts of 2 or more words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. For example, brunch (breakfast and lunch), smog (smoke and fog)

4. Clipping спрощення слів is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word. E.g. gymnasium – gym, examination – exam, mathematics – math.

5. Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase and making a word out of it. E.g UюN – The Unated Nations, USA United States, НЛО, АЕС, ООН

10 Classif synonyms antonyms

Synonym – is a word of similar or identical meaning to one or more words in the same language.

Types of synonyms:

1. Ideographic synonyms bear the same idea but not identical in their content. E.g. To happen – to occur – to befall – to chance; йти, рухатися, мандрувати)

2. Contextual synonyms are similar in meaning only in certain context. E. g I can’t stand (bear) him. Я не можу його терпіти (переносити).

3. Total synonyms can replace each other in any given context (площа – майдан, compounding – composition)

4. Stylistic synonyms are words which are close or identical in denotative meaning but differ in stylistic sphere of application (doctor (official) – doc (informal); говорити – балакати, базікати; ходити – шкандибати)

Mentioned above groups of synonyms are peculiar both to English and Ukrainian languages.

Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, identical in style, expressing contrary or contradictory notions.

Semantic classification of Antonyms

1)Contradictories are antonyms which denote notions mutually opposed and denying one another (dead-alive, знаходити-губити)

2) Conversives denote one and the same referent or similar of view(buy-sell, left-right)

3) Contraries have some intermediate member(cold-hot, молодий-старий)

Morphological classification of antonyms: absolute (root) antonyms (e.g. late - early) and derivational antonyms, the affixes in them serve to deny the quality stated in the stem (to please - to displease, honest- dishonest, possible – impossible). Absolute antonyms have different roots and derivational antonyms have the same roots but different affixes. In most cases negative prefixes form antonyms (un-, dis- non-). Sometimes they are formed by means of suffixes: -ful and –less (painful - painless).