6. Hyperbole хайпЁбели, meiosis, litotes figures of quantity

1.Hyperbole хайпЁбели – is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration. Its functions and stylistic effect are to intensify one of the features of an object and to show an overflow of emotions. This figure of speech is mainly used to intensify physical qualities of objects or people: size, colour, quantity and age. e. g. His aunt is about a thousand years old; I saw it ten times; море сліз, безкраїй степ

2. Meiosis майЭусис – is a figure of speech opposite to hyperbole хайпЁбели. This is a deliberate understatement or underestimation приуменьшение of some feature of an object. Its functions and stylistic effect are to intensify the expressiveness of speech. e. g. She wore a red hat, a size of a button; олігарх говорив, що він заробив якусь копійчину

3. Litotes лайтЕутис - is a statement in the form of negation отрицание. Its functions and stylistic effect are to weaken positive characteristics of an object. Litotes has a specific structure the usage of not before a word with a negative prefix. e. g. not impossible, not unpretty (Her face was not unpretty); це не може не захоплювати; малесенька, ледве од землі видно, до моєї школи два кроки.

7. Epithet, antonomasia, irony Speak on figures of quality

1. Epithet – is an attribute added to a noun. Its functions and stylistic effect are to stress its peculiar features. e. g. silky hair, a sweet heart, a dark forest синє море, білосніжна зима

2. Antonomasia – is a stylistic device in which the proper name of a person, who is famous for some of his features, is put for a person having the same feature. Its functions and stylistic effect are to characterize a person simultaneously with naming him or her. It is based on interaction between logical and nominal meaning of a word. There are two types of antonomasia:

1) the usage of a common name for a proper. e. g. Mr. Snake, Mr. Owl Eyes; Безсмертний Кобзар, Великий Каменяр.

2) the usage of proper name for a common. e. g. Othello, Romeo, Hamlet; Цицерон — «красномовна людина»,  Марс — «війна».

3. Irony – is an opposition of the two meanings of a speech unit, it is positive in form but negative in meaning. Its functions and stylistic effect are to show the author's scepticism to something. e. g. mutual admiration society; her distaste is impeccable. Дуже ти мені потрібен

8. Allegory, personification

1. Allegory - is an expression of an abstract notion by concrete image. Its functions and stylistic effect are to give characteristics to a phenomenon. e. g. a woman with scales is an allegory of justice, Orwell's novel Animal Farm-animals in the story and their interactions that are allegory for political figures and events in Russian history, лисиця – хитрість, серце – кохання. Шершень –образ людей, які нічого не роблять, а лише використовують плоди праці інших.

2. Personification – is an ascribing приписывание some features and characteristics of a person to a thing or nature. Its functions and stylistic effect are to characterize a person.

e. g. autumn comes. The car danced across the icy road. The last piece of pie was calling my name. Every photo in the album hides a secret. Море сміялося; плачуть дерева.