4. Levels and units of language.

The 1 level is Phonetic and Phonology (all sounds, phonemes). Phonetics is the study of individual speech sounds; phonology is the study of phonemes, which are the speech sounds of an individual language. These two heavily subfields cover all the sounds that humans can make. The 2 level is morphological Morphology is the study of words and other meaningful units of language like suffixes and prefixes. The 3 level is syntactical Syntax studies phrases and sentences. The next level is semantical. Semantics is the study of the meaning of sentences. The basic units of language are the phoneme, the morpheme, the word and the sentence. The phoneme is the smallest phonetic distinctive unit in a language which is realized in speech as different segments in different positions. The morpheme, the basic unit of morphology, is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. It is expressed in some sequence of the phonemes of a language. Un-fail-ing-ly, for instance, contains four meaningful parts, that is four morphemes. The word is the smallest naming unit. Sentences consist of phrases, and phrases consist of words. Every word consists of at least one morpheme, a minimal unit that contributes in some way to the meaning of the word. The mentioned units (the phoneme, the morpheme, the word and the sentence) are units of different levels of language structure. The phoneme is a unit of the lowest level, the sentence is a unit of the highest one. A unit of a higher level usually contains one or more units of the preceding level. Thus, the units of LANGUAGE from largest to smallest are:

TEXT→SENTENCE→PHRASE→WORD→MORPHEME→PHONEME

5. Style, norm context expressive means stylistic device. Types of context

Style is a subsystem of the principles, extralinguistic circumstances, and the effect of the usage of phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic language means of expressing human thoughts and emotions; The most traditional styles are: the newspaper style, the conversational style, the publicistic style, the style of official communication. Norm is a set of certain rules which in a certain epoch and in a certain society is considered to be most correct and standard for a definite functional style; It is almost impossible to work out language norms because each functional style has its own regularities. For example, such sentence as «I ain`t got no news from nobody» is not grammatical from the point of literary grammar, but it is correct so to say according colloquial grammar rules. Expressive means are phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic units and forms which are used to intensify the meaning of the utterance; for instance stresses, pauses, melody, coloured suffix (–ie) girlie; -иця, -ичка водичка водиця, epithets and слЭни slangy words.  Stylistic devices is phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic figure of speech formed on the basis of language units and forms;  Context is linguistic or situational encirclement of a language unit that makes the meaning of the unit clear. There are 4 types of context

a) microcontext is a context of a single utterance (sentence); 

b) macrocontext is a context of a paragraph in a text. 

c) megacontext is a context of a chapter, a story, or the whole book; 

d) sty­listic context is a context which contains unpredictable, untypical of a certain style language unit(s);