13 Communicative models

Different kinds of translation as a process of reproducing the content and meanings of different language/content units can also be performed by more than one communication model.

1) In the process of translation the communicative model is direct: Source -) Translator –) Receiver. From the source information comes to the translator, who transmits the same information to the receiver. If the receiver of the work does not understand the translation in some places, or when the recipient of the work needs certain clarifications, he will address to the translator, that is why a partial two-way communication model is created. S Tr-)(R

2) In machine translation another model is used. In this model, the Receiver addresses the source to correct the translation if it is necessary. Thus, the doer and the proofreader of the translation becomes the receiver of the translation. S )-(R/Tr

1) In consecutive interpreting, the communicative model is reversed, from the receiver to the source. However, consecutive interpreters use a two-way communicative model, because the information on the one hand comes to its Receiver, and on the other hand is checked by the Receiver (through the interpreter). Thus, the circle of information movement becomes closed.

2) The interpreter-guide works on a direct one-way model, whose components are only source and receiver. The model of such interpretation is shortened. But when a tourist adresses to the guide with a question about what he heard, the model of communication changes, it becomes two-way, because first the tourist addresses to the guide, and after he gets an answer.

3) In the process of whisper interpreting can be used 3 communication models:

1) a direct one-way model 2) a two-way model where the source answers the Recerver 's question 3) the reversed one-way model.

4) In the process of simultaneous interpreting a direct one-way model is used.

14. Abridged translation

The abridged translation is an omission of certain parts of the source language when translated, conveying only the main points. The original text is reproduced only partially, but with a relatively complete transfer of its content in such a form that is necessary to achieve successful translation. Abridged translation is not based on the principle of fidelity to the original but on the specific needs of the target group to whom it is addressed.

Adaptation as a type of abridged translation is a partial explication of the structure and content of the original in the translation process to easily understand the translation text by certain groups of receptors who do not have sufficient knowledge or professional and life experience necessary to fully understand the original. For example, adaptation adult books for young readers or popularization of scientific and technical text.

Summarising is defined as creating a condensed and clear version of the original that covers its main points, the most important facts or ideas.

Annotation means to minimize the volume of the original while preserving its main content. This type of abridged translation can be used to summarize the content of the book, article, research, report, etc. in the target language.

The redundancy of language, the lack of unambiguous correspondence between the content of thought, or the lack of translation time can cause such compression of information. Accordingly, annotation is actively used by interpreters in consecutive interpreting or whispering to re-express oral communications (such as speeches) in whole or in part. Most often, important data and figures are noted.