20 Translation and interpretation

Interpretation is a two-stage process of interlingual and cross-cultural communication during which an interpreter, on the basis of an analysed and transformed text in the SL, creates another text in TL which substitutes the source text in the TL and culture. In addition, It is a process aimed at reproducing the communicative intent of the source text modified by the difference between 2 languages and cultures.

There are 2 types of translation: written translation that is divided into translation of non- fictional texts and translation of fictional texts, and oral translation that includes oral consecutive, oral simultaneous and oral whispered.

1. Consecutive interpretation, which is a kind of interpreting, performed by an interpreter consecutively, i.e. messages of the SL speaker are interpreted one after another in pauses. While working, the interpreter listens to a speech, takes notes and then renders the meaning of the speaker's message into the target language.

2. Simultaneous interpretation is performed by an interpreter almost simultaneously (i.e. within the delay of not more than several seconds) with receiving a message in the SL with the help of special equipment.

3. Whispered interpretation, While working, the interpreter whispers in the target language to a maximum of two or three delegates what is being said by the source speaker. Whispered interpreting is performed in a simultaneous mode, however without any special equipment.

21 Contexts and contextual relationships

Oral communication, in the same way as written, always takes place in a certain context or communicative situation. This situation in its turn is embedded in the macro-context of communication, which includes extra-linguistic factors of the “world” such as cultural, social, economic, political, historical, religious, etc. In linguistics there are many scholars expressing different points of view, however most of them agree that oral and written texts function in a certain discourse.

There are such types of context as macro context (is the subject field world and the world in general), communicative context (is a context of a particular discourse) and micro context (is acontext of a particular utterance including its structure and semantics);

There are contextual relationships are relevant for interpretation as:

a) anaphoric энэфОрик or “backward” relationships, which occur when the meaning of a linguistic unit acquires sense through the reference to the preceding units of the micro or communicative context. Occur when a word or phrase refers to smth mentioned earlier in the discourse

b) cataphoric or “forward” relationships, which occur when the meaning of a linguistic unit acquires sense through the reference to the oncoming, anticipated units of the micro or communicative context. Occur when a word or phrase refers to smth mentioned later in the discourse

c) exophoric or “outward” relationships, which occur when the meaning of an element acquires sense through the reference to the macro context, to the background knowledge, cultural and subject field competence of the addressee and to the knowledge about “the world” Occur when a word or phrase refers to smth outside the discourse.