- •1 Level (6 points)
- •History of the need for building materials
- •Cement production in the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •The history of obtaining and production cement
- •Economics of cement production
- •Determination of clinker, cement and additives introduced in the grinding
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 1-4
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 5-9
- •Portland cement clinker.
- •An overview of phase composition and quality phase of clinker
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition alite
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of belite
- •Phase aluminate
- •Phase Ferrite
- •Other clinker phases
- •The composition and place of origin of the phases in portland cement clinker
- •Analysis of the raw meal, cement and clinker
- •Microscopic research of clinker
- •Recent developments in the use of X-rays
- •Petrographic analysis of clinker
- •Cement production
- •Raw materials and fuels in cement production
- •The raw materials of cement industry
- •Limestone and clay
- •A natural mixture of clay and limestone
- •Waste and their use in the cement industry
- •2 Level (6 points)
- •Mining, processing of raw materials, grinding of raw meal and homogenisation.
- •The blending warehouse of raw materials and its functions.
- •Development of the pile by rotary excavator
- •The process of burning cement clinker. General concepts
- •Chemical reactions during heat treatment of portland cement raw meal (main reaction clinker burning)
- •The dehydration of kaolinite
- •The reactions during the sintering
- •Reaction with cooling
- •Homogeneity of the raw meal
- •The process of burning cement clinker
- •Procedures for burning cement clinker
- •Decarbonizators with upward vertical gas flue.
- •The fuel in cement production
- •Clinker cooler
- •Cooler sf (Smidth-Fuller).
- •Storage of clinker
- •Cement Grinding
- •Milling equipment
- •The fineness of grinding and particle size distribution (grain) composition of the cement
- •Storage, packing, shipment cement to the consumer
- •The granulated blast furnace slag (s)
- •Pozzolan (p, q)
- •Natural pozzolanic additives (р)
- •Natural volcanic pozzolanic additives (q)
- •3 Level (8 points)
- •Fly ash rich in silica (V)
- •Lime ash dust (w)
- •Calcined shale (t)
- •Limestone (l, ll)
- •The quartz dust (d)
- •Small components
- •Calcium sulphate
- •The cement admixture
- •Cement according to standard
- •Physical and chemical properties of cements according to European standard
- •Cements with special properties
- •Well cement
- •Hydration
- •The reaction of silicates (c3s, c2s)
- •Hydration c3s
- •Hydration c2s
- •Reactions of hydration aluminate without participation of sulfates
- •Reactions hydration aluminate with participation sulphates
- •Hydration ferrite (c4af)
- •Taylor Model
- •Model Stark
- •The cement hydration
- •Reaction of the secondary components
- •Hydration of cement containing granulated slag
- •Reactions pozzolanic materials
- •4 Level (8 points)
- •Slowing solidification
- •Structure of a cement stone
- •Building lime
- •The historical and economic situation. Raw material deposits
- •Production and processing of limestone
- •Burning lime
- •Shaft kiln to coke (coal) and gas fuel
- •The rotary tube kiln
- •Counter current regenerative kiln (ggr-kiln)
- •Shaft ring kiln
- •Grinding and shipment of burnt lime
- •Slaked lime
- •The use of lime products
- •The requirements of stst 9179-79 to building lime
- •Gypsum. History and economy
- •Physical and chemical bases of gypsum binders
- •Phases in the system CaSo4 - h2o
- •The crystal structures, double salts, mixed crystals
- •Natural gypsum, natural anhydrite
- •The chemical gypsum
- •Uddg- gypsum
- •Production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Technological processes in the production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Autoclave method for producing α-hemihydrate
- •Gypsum boiling kettle for the production of ß-hemihydrate
- •5 Level (12 points)
- •The high temperature burning of gypsum method (multiphase gypsum) on the grate
- •Properties capable of hardening calcium sulphates
- •Hydration CaSo4-binding
- •Natural -, uusdg - and chemical anhydrite
- •The properties of the treated gypsum building materials
- •Other areas of application
- •The norms, chemical analysis and phase analysis
- •Gypsum Products
- •The requirements of gost 125-79 for the quality of construction gypsum
- •Other inorganic binding materials
- •Alumina cement
- •Production of alumina cement
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of the alumina cement
- •Areas of use alumina cement
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added during the production concrete
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added to the concrete mix
- •Concrete
- •Mobile concrete plants
- •Concrete for precast concrete elements
- •Self-compacting concrete
- •Building mortar
- •Cement mortar
- •Plaster
- •Cementing deep wells
Phase Ferrite
Alyumoferritnaya phase ferritic phase (CaAlFe) is 5-15% of normal cement clinker. It - chetyrёhkaltsievy alumina ferrite 4CaO * Al2O3 * Fe2O3, the composition of which varies considerably when changing Al / Fe ratio in the structure and placement of foreign ions. The rate at which the ferrite phase is reacted with water, may vary somewhat due to differences in the composition or other characteristics, but usually, it is high in the initial period and is intermediate between the speed of alite and belite at a later date.
The clinker is typically present in small amounts of several other phases such as alkali sulfates and calcium oxide.
Conditions of synthesis of silicates, aluminates and ferrites of calcium that make up clinker, as well as a number of intermediate compounds are important in the chemistry of cement. A significant role is played by the thermodynamic analysis in their study.
As for the hydration reactions alyumoferrita calcium and iron, the complete lack of thermochemical data for calcium gidroferritov does not allow currently consider their thermodynamics.
With further increase in temperature calcium ferrite lines intensity decreases and begins to appear 2CaO - AbOa-SiCfe, which at temperatures of 1100 - 1200 C becomes the main phase.
The portland cement are silicates, aluminates and calcium ferrites formed in roasting raw Oomes. The resulting, after firing the raw mix product - clinker - is crushed and finely ground. A joint lomola clinker and additives yielding the final product - Portland cement.
Clinker minerals (silicates, calcium aluminates and ferrites) by reacting with water undergo hydrolysis and the salts formed by a strong base and a weak acid.
Hydrolysis of Tricalcium hydroaluminate formed and calcium ferrites.
Clinker minerals (silicates, calcium aluminates and ferrites) by reacting with water undergo hydrolysis and the salts formed by a strong base and a weak acid.
Locally on the boundaries between the crystals of magnetite and calcium ferrite observed globular discharge grayish-bluish crystals of potassium ferrite. This phase is anisotropic and hygroscopic, at high magnification, and especially in the study of immersion oil has a reddish-brown internal reflections. It has previously been shown that the catalysts prepared by standard methods (fuse resistance in melting furnaces and oxygen), potassium ferrites formed by introducing potassium hydroxide over 0.65 wt. Our research found that catalysts prepared at high temperatures, this phase is observed only in making potassium hydroxide over 2 wt. Based on these data it can be assumed that part of the potassium hydroxide dissolves magnetite lattice to form solid solutions isomorphous substitution, the remainder goes into a glassy phase.
Formed during firing lime silicates, aluminates and calcium ferrites according to its quantitative content may more or less influence on the physico-chemical properties of lime. In pure limestone and sandy clay content of impurities is expressed in small amounts. Therefore bystrogasya formed schiesya-lime due to its high content of free calcium oxide. However, they can always contain some substances that are holders gidravlichnosti properties. These substances include silicates, aluminates and ferrites of calcium, formed due to the presence of limestone in the fuel ash and calcium oxide impurities. At a low content of these formations in the hydraulic properties of lime binder did not show up.
Hydraulic hardening due to the presence of silicates, aluminates and ferrites of calcium that form in contact with water hydrosilicates, hydroaluminates and calcium gidroferrity.
Hydraulic hardening due to the presence of silicates, aluminates and ferrites of calcium that form in contact with water hydrosilicates, gkdroalyuminaty and calcium gkdroferrity.
With increasing content of silicates, aluminates and calcium ferrites conditions hardening hydraulic lime close to the conditions of curing romantsementa, and with increasing amounts of calcium hydroxide - to the conditions of an air hardening lime.
The smaller the product would be fired in silicates, aluminates and calcium ferrites, so rapid and complete is extinguished lime and relatively more malleable dough is obtained.