- •1 Level (6 points)
- •History of the need for building materials
- •Cement production in the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •The history of obtaining and production cement
- •Economics of cement production
- •Determination of clinker, cement and additives introduced in the grinding
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 1-4
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 5-9
- •Portland cement clinker.
- •An overview of phase composition and quality phase of clinker
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition alite
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of belite
- •Phase aluminate
- •Phase Ferrite
- •Other clinker phases
- •The composition and place of origin of the phases in portland cement clinker
- •Analysis of the raw meal, cement and clinker
- •Microscopic research of clinker
- •Recent developments in the use of X-rays
- •Petrographic analysis of clinker
- •Cement production
- •Raw materials and fuels in cement production
- •The raw materials of cement industry
- •Limestone and clay
- •A natural mixture of clay and limestone
- •Waste and their use in the cement industry
- •2 Level (6 points)
- •Mining, processing of raw materials, grinding of raw meal and homogenisation.
- •The blending warehouse of raw materials and its functions.
- •Development of the pile by rotary excavator
- •The process of burning cement clinker. General concepts
- •Chemical reactions during heat treatment of portland cement raw meal (main reaction clinker burning)
- •The dehydration of kaolinite
- •The reactions during the sintering
- •Reaction with cooling
- •Homogeneity of the raw meal
- •The process of burning cement clinker
- •Procedures for burning cement clinker
- •Decarbonizators with upward vertical gas flue.
- •The fuel in cement production
- •Clinker cooler
- •Cooler sf (Smidth-Fuller).
- •Storage of clinker
- •Cement Grinding
- •Milling equipment
- •The fineness of grinding and particle size distribution (grain) composition of the cement
- •Storage, packing, shipment cement to the consumer
- •The granulated blast furnace slag (s)
- •Pozzolan (p, q)
- •Natural pozzolanic additives (р)
- •Natural volcanic pozzolanic additives (q)
- •3 Level (8 points)
- •Fly ash rich in silica (V)
- •Lime ash dust (w)
- •Calcined shale (t)
- •Limestone (l, ll)
- •The quartz dust (d)
- •Small components
- •Calcium sulphate
- •The cement admixture
- •Cement according to standard
- •Physical and chemical properties of cements according to European standard
- •Cements with special properties
- •Well cement
- •Hydration
- •The reaction of silicates (c3s, c2s)
- •Hydration c3s
- •Hydration c2s
- •Reactions of hydration aluminate without participation of sulfates
- •Reactions hydration aluminate with participation sulphates
- •Hydration ferrite (c4af)
- •Taylor Model
- •Model Stark
- •The cement hydration
- •Reaction of the secondary components
- •Hydration of cement containing granulated slag
- •Reactions pozzolanic materials
- •4 Level (8 points)
- •Slowing solidification
- •Structure of a cement stone
- •Building lime
- •The historical and economic situation. Raw material deposits
- •Production and processing of limestone
- •Burning lime
- •Shaft kiln to coke (coal) and gas fuel
- •The rotary tube kiln
- •Counter current regenerative kiln (ggr-kiln)
- •Shaft ring kiln
- •Grinding and shipment of burnt lime
- •Slaked lime
- •The use of lime products
- •The requirements of stst 9179-79 to building lime
- •Gypsum. History and economy
- •Physical and chemical bases of gypsum binders
- •Phases in the system CaSo4 - h2o
- •The crystal structures, double salts, mixed crystals
- •Natural gypsum, natural anhydrite
- •The chemical gypsum
- •Uddg- gypsum
- •Production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Technological processes in the production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Autoclave method for producing α-hemihydrate
- •Gypsum boiling kettle for the production of ß-hemihydrate
- •5 Level (12 points)
- •The high temperature burning of gypsum method (multiphase gypsum) on the grate
- •Properties capable of hardening calcium sulphates
- •Hydration CaSo4-binding
- •Natural -, uusdg - and chemical anhydrite
- •The properties of the treated gypsum building materials
- •Other areas of application
- •The norms, chemical analysis and phase analysis
- •Gypsum Products
- •The requirements of gost 125-79 for the quality of construction gypsum
- •Other inorganic binding materials
- •Alumina cement
- •Production of alumina cement
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of the alumina cement
- •Areas of use alumina cement
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added during the production concrete
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added to the concrete mix
- •Concrete
- •Mobile concrete plants
- •Concrete for precast concrete elements
- •Self-compacting concrete
- •Building mortar
- •Cement mortar
- •Plaster
- •Cementing deep wells
Phases in the system CaSo4 - h2o
The system CaSO4 - H2O, there are 5 different phases, namely calcium sulfate dihydrate (hereinafter dihydrate), calcium sulfate hemihydrate (hereinafter hemihydrate) and anhydrous phases anhydrite I, anhydrite II and anhydrite III. Dihydrate and anhydrite II occur in nature or are produced in chemical processes; metastable phases hemihydrate and anhydrite III, as well as "Burnt" anhydrite II are obtained artificially, by dehydration of the dihydrate. These phases are of great technical value. Anhydrite I is stable only at temperatures above 1180 0C and has no technical meaning. The equilibrium temperature between dihydrate and anhydrite II is about 42 0 C, below its stable dihydrate above - anhydrite II. Hemihydrate occurs in α- and ß-forms that significantly differ from each other in appearance and particle size, as well as on the energy behavior and behavior during production processes. Anhydrite III is available in kinds of α-anhydrite III, ß-anhydrite III and anhydrite ß-III', which have similar distinctive properties and manufacturing conditions as the α- and ß-hemihydrates. Table 1.28 shows phase system CaSO4 - H2O with the appropriate physical and chemical data. Table 1.29 contains the values of dehydration heat, which are important for the technology [176, 177, 178].
Table 1.28 in CaSO4-Phase System - H2O and their physicochemical properties [177]
Химические формулы фаз |
CaSO4 · 2H2O |
CaSO4 ·0,5H2O |
CaSO4 |
CaSO4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Обозначение |
дигидрат сульфата кальция |
полугидрат сульфата кальция |
ангидрит II |
ангидрит III |
Другие обозначения |
природный гипс, сырьевой гипс, гипсовый камень, технический гипс, твёрдый гипс |
ß-полугидрат, ß-гипс, отделочный гипс, α-полугидрат, α-гипс, твёрдоформен-ный гипс, автоклавный гипс |
природный ангидрит, сырьевой ангидрит, ангидритный камень, синтетический ангидрит, обожженный ангидрит |
растворимый ангидрит |
Формы |
|
α-форма ß-форма |
А II-т* А II-н * А II-э * |
α -А III ß-А III |
Кристаллизационная вода, масс. % |
20,92 |
6,21 |
|
|
Плотность, г/см3 |
2,31 |
α: 2,757 ß: 2,619 |
2,93 - 2,97 |
2,580 |
Мольная масса, г/моль |
172,17 |
145,15 |
136,14 |
136,14 |
|
|
|
|
|
Кристаллическая система [179] |
моноклин-ная |
моноклинная |
орторомбичес-кая |
орторомбическая псевдогексаго- нальная |
Симметрия [184] |
112/с1 |
|
Bmmb |
C222 |
Межплоскостное расстояние,нм, и углы [184] a b c d |
0,5679 1,5202 0,6522 118,43 0 |
1,2032 0,6927 1,2671 90,27 0 |
0,6992 0,6999 0,6240 |
1,2077 0,6972 0,6304 |
Твёрдость по Моосу |
|
- |
3,5 |
- |
Растворимость в Н2О при 200С, г CaSO4/л |
2,05 |
α: 6,7 ß: 8,8 |
2,7 |
α: 6,7 ß: 8,8 |
Стабильность |
< 40 0С |
метастабиль-ный |
40-1180 0С |
метастабильный |
Температура образования в лаборатории |
|
α: > 450 С в Н2О ß: 45-2000 С в сухом воздухе |
200-11800 С |
α: 1000 С в воздухе ß: 500 С в вакууме |
Температура образования в технологическом процессе |
|
α: 80-180 0С влажный ß: 120-180 0С сухой |
300-900 0С АII-s:300-500 0С АII-u:500-7000С А II-E: >700 0С |
α: 110 0С влажный ß: 290 0С сухой |