- •1 Level (6 points)
- •History of the need for building materials
- •Cement production in the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •The history of obtaining and production cement
- •Economics of cement production
- •Determination of clinker, cement and additives introduced in the grinding
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 1-4
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 5-9
- •Portland cement clinker.
- •An overview of phase composition and quality phase of clinker
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition alite
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of belite
- •Phase aluminate
- •Phase Ferrite
- •Other clinker phases
- •The composition and place of origin of the phases in portland cement clinker
- •Analysis of the raw meal, cement and clinker
- •Microscopic research of clinker
- •Recent developments in the use of X-rays
- •Petrographic analysis of clinker
- •Cement production
- •Raw materials and fuels in cement production
- •The raw materials of cement industry
- •Limestone and clay
- •A natural mixture of clay and limestone
- •Waste and their use in the cement industry
- •2 Level (6 points)
- •Mining, processing of raw materials, grinding of raw meal and homogenisation.
- •The blending warehouse of raw materials and its functions.
- •Development of the pile by rotary excavator
- •The process of burning cement clinker. General concepts
- •Chemical reactions during heat treatment of portland cement raw meal (main reaction clinker burning)
- •The dehydration of kaolinite
- •The reactions during the sintering
- •Reaction with cooling
- •Homogeneity of the raw meal
- •The process of burning cement clinker
- •Procedures for burning cement clinker
- •Decarbonizators with upward vertical gas flue.
- •The fuel in cement production
- •Clinker cooler
- •Cooler sf (Smidth-Fuller).
- •Storage of clinker
- •Cement Grinding
- •Milling equipment
- •The fineness of grinding and particle size distribution (grain) composition of the cement
- •Storage, packing, shipment cement to the consumer
- •The granulated blast furnace slag (s)
- •Pozzolan (p, q)
- •Natural pozzolanic additives (р)
- •Natural volcanic pozzolanic additives (q)
- •3 Level (8 points)
- •Fly ash rich in silica (V)
- •Lime ash dust (w)
- •Calcined shale (t)
- •Limestone (l, ll)
- •The quartz dust (d)
- •Small components
- •Calcium sulphate
- •The cement admixture
- •Cement according to standard
- •Physical and chemical properties of cements according to European standard
- •Cements with special properties
- •Well cement
- •Hydration
- •The reaction of silicates (c3s, c2s)
- •Hydration c3s
- •Hydration c2s
- •Reactions of hydration aluminate without participation of sulfates
- •Reactions hydration aluminate with participation sulphates
- •Hydration ferrite (c4af)
- •Taylor Model
- •Model Stark
- •The cement hydration
- •Reaction of the secondary components
- •Hydration of cement containing granulated slag
- •Reactions pozzolanic materials
- •4 Level (8 points)
- •Slowing solidification
- •Structure of a cement stone
- •Building lime
- •The historical and economic situation. Raw material deposits
- •Production and processing of limestone
- •Burning lime
- •Shaft kiln to coke (coal) and gas fuel
- •The rotary tube kiln
- •Counter current regenerative kiln (ggr-kiln)
- •Shaft ring kiln
- •Grinding and shipment of burnt lime
- •Slaked lime
- •The use of lime products
- •The requirements of stst 9179-79 to building lime
- •Gypsum. History and economy
- •Physical and chemical bases of gypsum binders
- •Phases in the system CaSo4 - h2o
- •The crystal structures, double salts, mixed crystals
- •Natural gypsum, natural anhydrite
- •The chemical gypsum
- •Uddg- gypsum
- •Production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Technological processes in the production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Autoclave method for producing α-hemihydrate
- •Gypsum boiling kettle for the production of ß-hemihydrate
- •5 Level (12 points)
- •The high temperature burning of gypsum method (multiphase gypsum) on the grate
- •Properties capable of hardening calcium sulphates
- •Hydration CaSo4-binding
- •Natural -, uusdg - and chemical anhydrite
- •The properties of the treated gypsum building materials
- •Other areas of application
- •The norms, chemical analysis and phase analysis
- •Gypsum Products
- •The requirements of gost 125-79 for the quality of construction gypsum
- •Other inorganic binding materials
- •Alumina cement
- •Production of alumina cement
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of the alumina cement
- •Areas of use alumina cement
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added during the production concrete
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added to the concrete mix
- •Concrete
- •Mobile concrete plants
- •Concrete for precast concrete elements
- •Self-compacting concrete
- •Building mortar
- •Cement mortar
- •Plaster
- •Cementing deep wells
Cooler sf (Smidth-Fuller).
The basic principle of all types of cooling is that cooling air passes through the clinker layer on the grate and the cross-flow heated air completely or partially fed to an incinerator nozzle fuel supplied to the furnace. It is important clinker cooling mode selection, since the cooling mode and the quality depends on the microstructure of clinker. By optimizing the clinker cooling process created a good opportunity to improve clinker production at the lowest possible capital and operating zatratami.V JSC "Kokshe Cement" for the clinker cooling a refrigerator SF (Smidth-Fuller) cross output of 5500 tons / day. Grate area is 139 m2. Design feature of the refrigerator is mixed with the clinker via crossbars moving over the fixed grate, and the flow is controlled by motor controllers available in each reshetke.Kolosnikovye lattice modules in the refrigerator as well as in the inlet modules are mounted in the foundation. clinker is transported by a reciprocating compressor with crossbars, located on the line 50 mm above the grate. Each unit has a refrigerator 12 crossbars, 6 fixed and 6 mobile. Moving cross connected to two longitudinal profiles, which are actuated by a hydraulic cylinder, located under the grate, one for each module. a drive system connected to the unit drive system in the previous and next module. Settings "to the right" modules "in the middle" and "left" then can be moved independently of each other for optimum distribution and transport of clinker. Since reserved grates fixed bed of clinker, they, unlike the other contemporary refrigerators and will not wear out and degrade air distribution with a large amount of sealing air. Grate is made with labyrinth air path to avoid loss of clinker. Therefore, transportation equipment under the grate is missing. Grate has a low pressure drop. To ensure optimum air distribution grate, each equipped with a mechanical flow regulator (MPP). MPP maintains a constant flow of air through the grate and independent of the layer height clinker the clinker bed, the particle size distribution, temperature, etc .: a separate flow control for each of the grate. RAM allows one fan for relatively large areas and completely eliminates the use arranged under the grate tubes and louvers that are present in other modern refrigerators. SF modular principle allows the refrigerator factory assembly of large parts of the refrigerator and quick installation on the construction site.
Storage of clinker
In order to have sufficient reserves (reserves) for grinding cement, clinker stocks are normalized. The stock is about a monthly productivity of the furnace. For this purpose, the closed space (capacity) to avoid dust emissions and a reduction in the quality of clinker due to weather conditions (rain, snow). For storage of clinker in modern cement plants, clinker stocks set different konstruktsii.Mezhdunarodnaya AUMUND group for clinker storage warehouses has developed the following types:
- Round, without central support capacity of 3500 ... 156 000 tonnes;
- Cylindrical silos with a capacity of 5,000 ... 60,000 m;
- Round, with central support capacity 51000 ... 190000 tonnes;
- In-depth warehouses with a capacity of 45000 ... 201 000 tonnes;
(Bulk density clinker γ = 1500 kg / m3).
Round without central support clinker warehouse made of reinforced concrete, a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 40 ... 80 m, a height of 10 ... 25 m, the top cone. The top of the conveyor and mounted precipitators. Discharging clinker is carried out by 2 ... 4 channels.