- •1 Level (6 points)
- •History of the need for building materials
- •Cement production in the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •The history of obtaining and production cement
- •Economics of cement production
- •Determination of clinker, cement and additives introduced in the grinding
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 1-4
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 5-9
- •Portland cement clinker.
- •An overview of phase composition and quality phase of clinker
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition alite
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of belite
- •Phase aluminate
- •Phase Ferrite
- •Other clinker phases
- •The composition and place of origin of the phases in portland cement clinker
- •Analysis of the raw meal, cement and clinker
- •Microscopic research of clinker
- •Recent developments in the use of X-rays
- •Petrographic analysis of clinker
- •Cement production
- •Raw materials and fuels in cement production
- •The raw materials of cement industry
- •Limestone and clay
- •A natural mixture of clay and limestone
- •Waste and their use in the cement industry
- •2 Level (6 points)
- •Mining, processing of raw materials, grinding of raw meal and homogenisation.
- •The blending warehouse of raw materials and its functions.
- •Development of the pile by rotary excavator
- •The process of burning cement clinker. General concepts
- •Chemical reactions during heat treatment of portland cement raw meal (main reaction clinker burning)
- •The dehydration of kaolinite
- •The reactions during the sintering
- •Reaction with cooling
- •Homogeneity of the raw meal
- •The process of burning cement clinker
- •Procedures for burning cement clinker
- •Decarbonizators with upward vertical gas flue.
- •The fuel in cement production
- •Clinker cooler
- •Cooler sf (Smidth-Fuller).
- •Storage of clinker
- •Cement Grinding
- •Milling equipment
- •The fineness of grinding and particle size distribution (grain) composition of the cement
- •Storage, packing, shipment cement to the consumer
- •The granulated blast furnace slag (s)
- •Pozzolan (p, q)
- •Natural pozzolanic additives (р)
- •Natural volcanic pozzolanic additives (q)
- •3 Level (8 points)
- •Fly ash rich in silica (V)
- •Lime ash dust (w)
- •Calcined shale (t)
- •Limestone (l, ll)
- •The quartz dust (d)
- •Small components
- •Calcium sulphate
- •The cement admixture
- •Cement according to standard
- •Physical and chemical properties of cements according to European standard
- •Cements with special properties
- •Well cement
- •Hydration
- •The reaction of silicates (c3s, c2s)
- •Hydration c3s
- •Hydration c2s
- •Reactions of hydration aluminate without participation of sulfates
- •Reactions hydration aluminate with participation sulphates
- •Hydration ferrite (c4af)
- •Taylor Model
- •Model Stark
- •The cement hydration
- •Reaction of the secondary components
- •Hydration of cement containing granulated slag
- •Reactions pozzolanic materials
- •4 Level (8 points)
- •Slowing solidification
- •Structure of a cement stone
- •Building lime
- •The historical and economic situation. Raw material deposits
- •Production and processing of limestone
- •Burning lime
- •Shaft kiln to coke (coal) and gas fuel
- •The rotary tube kiln
- •Counter current regenerative kiln (ggr-kiln)
- •Shaft ring kiln
- •Grinding and shipment of burnt lime
- •Slaked lime
- •The use of lime products
- •The requirements of stst 9179-79 to building lime
- •Gypsum. History and economy
- •Physical and chemical bases of gypsum binders
- •Phases in the system CaSo4 - h2o
- •The crystal structures, double salts, mixed crystals
- •Natural gypsum, natural anhydrite
- •The chemical gypsum
- •Uddg- gypsum
- •Production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Technological processes in the production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Autoclave method for producing α-hemihydrate
- •Gypsum boiling kettle for the production of ß-hemihydrate
- •5 Level (12 points)
- •The high temperature burning of gypsum method (multiphase gypsum) on the grate
- •Properties capable of hardening calcium sulphates
- •Hydration CaSo4-binding
- •Natural -, uusdg - and chemical anhydrite
- •The properties of the treated gypsum building materials
- •Other areas of application
- •The norms, chemical analysis and phase analysis
- •Gypsum Products
- •The requirements of gost 125-79 for the quality of construction gypsum
- •Other inorganic binding materials
- •Alumina cement
- •Production of alumina cement
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of the alumina cement
- •Areas of use alumina cement
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added during the production concrete
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added to the concrete mix
- •Concrete
- •Mobile concrete plants
- •Concrete for precast concrete elements
- •Self-compacting concrete
- •Building mortar
- •Cement mortar
- •Plaster
- •Cementing deep wells
Hydration c3s
Hydration of C3S
Alite reacts with water to form Ca (OH) 2 - calcium hydroxide) of calcium hydrosilicates (C-S-H-phases). Possible reaction products C6S2H3, C2S3H2 or C2SH, but generally forms a very fine-grained and therefore X-ray amorphous silicate. Composition C-S-H-phases depends on the water cement ratio. In general, the higher the water / cement ratio, the higher the calcium deficiency of calcium silicate hydrate formed. When the ratio of water / cement equal to 0.45, for example, there C3S2H3 according to the following equation:
2C3S + 6H2O → C3S2H3 + 3Ca (OH) 2 Equation 16
C3S Hydration can generally be formulated [118]:
3CaO · SiO + xH2O → yCaO · SiO2 · (y- (3-x)) H2O + (3-y) Ca (OH) 2 Equation 17
(= C-S-H) portlandite
Immediately after the addition of water is removed from C3S crystals of calcium hydroxide. Within their solubility Ca (OH) 2 dissociates to Ca2 + cations and anions OH -. OH- ions cause a decrease in concentration of H + ions in vode mixing and thus a significant increase in the solution pH. During the first few minutes, there is a rapid increase in the pH in the cement paste to 12-13,5. Alkalinity is responsible for the protection against corrosion of steel in concrete. High pH and the presence of Ca (OH) 2ostayutsya prerequisite for latent hydraulic reaction properties of materials, such as granulated blast furnace slag, pozzolans (such as fly ash, highway). At the same time increases the concentration of Ca2 + in the pore solution is the liberated heat of reaction. Thus, it is an exothermic reaction. The rate of hydration S3S not particularly fast compared to other clinker minerals. However, it is much faster than comparable C2S reaction with water [121, 120, 119].
The degree of heat is characteristic for each particular stage of hydration and is already being used at an early stage in order to classify the hydration on separate stages. They are referred to as the induction period, a period of rest, during acceleration, retardation period and the final period. During these periods, different reactions occur, which are described in Table 1.20. Figure 1.27 shows the timing chart for the heat generating five periods, and the content of Ca2 + in the pore water and the formation of C-S-H - phases.
Formed during hydration C-S-H-phases are X-ray amorphous or crystalline submicron. Therefore, their formation in X-ray crystallography is not observed. The hydration process can be traced in the X-ray intensity to reduce the peaks characteristic of the C3S.
As described above, the hydration of calcium silicates is formed of certain chemical compounds, phases, which differ in their chemical composition within a certain range. How to "limit" can form mineral tobermorite 1.4 nm (C5S6H9, named after the Scottish town of Tobermory) and Jenny (C9S6H11). Tobermory is a natural mineral. Jenny unlike him not found in nature. Both minerals are formed in the hardened cement paste. It can be prepared