- •1 Level (6 points)
- •History of the need for building materials
- •Cement production in the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •The history of obtaining and production cement
- •Economics of cement production
- •Determination of clinker, cement and additives introduced in the grinding
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 1-4
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 5-9
- •Portland cement clinker.
- •An overview of phase composition and quality phase of clinker
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition alite
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of belite
- •Phase aluminate
- •Phase Ferrite
- •Other clinker phases
- •The composition and place of origin of the phases in portland cement clinker
- •Analysis of the raw meal, cement and clinker
- •Microscopic research of clinker
- •Recent developments in the use of X-rays
- •Petrographic analysis of clinker
- •Cement production
- •Raw materials and fuels in cement production
- •The raw materials of cement industry
- •Limestone and clay
- •A natural mixture of clay and limestone
- •Waste and their use in the cement industry
- •2 Level (6 points)
- •Mining, processing of raw materials, grinding of raw meal and homogenisation.
- •The blending warehouse of raw materials and its functions.
- •Development of the pile by rotary excavator
- •The process of burning cement clinker. General concepts
- •Chemical reactions during heat treatment of portland cement raw meal (main reaction clinker burning)
- •The dehydration of kaolinite
- •The reactions during the sintering
- •Reaction with cooling
- •Homogeneity of the raw meal
- •The process of burning cement clinker
- •Procedures for burning cement clinker
- •Decarbonizators with upward vertical gas flue.
- •The fuel in cement production
- •Clinker cooler
- •Cooler sf (Smidth-Fuller).
- •Storage of clinker
- •Cement Grinding
- •Milling equipment
- •The fineness of grinding and particle size distribution (grain) composition of the cement
- •Storage, packing, shipment cement to the consumer
- •The granulated blast furnace slag (s)
- •Pozzolan (p, q)
- •Natural pozzolanic additives (р)
- •Natural volcanic pozzolanic additives (q)
- •3 Level (8 points)
- •Fly ash rich in silica (V)
- •Lime ash dust (w)
- •Calcined shale (t)
- •Limestone (l, ll)
- •The quartz dust (d)
- •Small components
- •Calcium sulphate
- •The cement admixture
- •Cement according to standard
- •Physical and chemical properties of cements according to European standard
- •Cements with special properties
- •Well cement
- •Hydration
- •The reaction of silicates (c3s, c2s)
- •Hydration c3s
- •Hydration c2s
- •Reactions of hydration aluminate without participation of sulfates
- •Reactions hydration aluminate with participation sulphates
- •Hydration ferrite (c4af)
- •Taylor Model
- •Model Stark
- •The cement hydration
- •Reaction of the secondary components
- •Hydration of cement containing granulated slag
- •Reactions pozzolanic materials
- •4 Level (8 points)
- •Slowing solidification
- •Structure of a cement stone
- •Building lime
- •The historical and economic situation. Raw material deposits
- •Production and processing of limestone
- •Burning lime
- •Shaft kiln to coke (coal) and gas fuel
- •The rotary tube kiln
- •Counter current regenerative kiln (ggr-kiln)
- •Shaft ring kiln
- •Grinding and shipment of burnt lime
- •Slaked lime
- •The use of lime products
- •The requirements of stst 9179-79 to building lime
- •Gypsum. History and economy
- •Physical and chemical bases of gypsum binders
- •Phases in the system CaSo4 - h2o
- •The crystal structures, double salts, mixed crystals
- •Natural gypsum, natural anhydrite
- •The chemical gypsum
- •Uddg- gypsum
- •Production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Technological processes in the production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Autoclave method for producing α-hemihydrate
- •Gypsum boiling kettle for the production of ß-hemihydrate
- •5 Level (12 points)
- •The high temperature burning of gypsum method (multiphase gypsum) on the grate
- •Properties capable of hardening calcium sulphates
- •Hydration CaSo4-binding
- •Natural -, uusdg - and chemical anhydrite
- •The properties of the treated gypsum building materials
- •Other areas of application
- •The norms, chemical analysis and phase analysis
- •Gypsum Products
- •The requirements of gost 125-79 for the quality of construction gypsum
- •Other inorganic binding materials
- •Alumina cement
- •Production of alumina cement
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of the alumina cement
- •Areas of use alumina cement
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added during the production concrete
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added to the concrete mix
- •Concrete
- •Mobile concrete plants
- •Concrete for precast concrete elements
- •Self-compacting concrete
- •Building mortar
- •Cement mortar
- •Plaster
- •Cementing deep wells
The chemical gypsum
The chemical composition of gypsum. Chemically pure gypsum (CaS04 • 2H20) contains:
Ca - 32.56 <7o; S03 - 46,51%; H20 - 20.93%.
Natural gypsum is usually contaminated with various impurities (sand, limestone, clay, pyrite, etc.). GIPS (from the Greek. Gypsos-chalk, lime) CaSO4 * 2H2O, the mineral water subclass sulfates. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system. Characteristically education plentiful. aggregates of crystals (drusen). It occurs often in the form of solid masses: granular (alabaster) and parallel-columnar or fibrous (selenite). Pure gypsum is colorless and transparent. color changes associated with the presence of fur. impurities and defects in the structure. Hardness of 1.5-2; tight. 2300 kg / m3; p-rimost in water 2.05 g / l at 20 ° C. At ~ 170 ° C passes into hemihydrate CaSO4 * 0,5H2O, further heating - anhydrite CaSO4. Gypsum is precipitated from aqueous p-ditch, rich sulfate salts (for desiccation of sea lagoons and salt lakes). In the zones of sulfide deposits changes released during the interaction. sulfuric acid p-ing with limestone. Deposits of gypsum formed as a result of hydrothermal processes, with anhydrite hydration. Gypsum is also formed in vulkanich. exhalation and soils.
Gypsum is calcium sulfate water. Colouring the mineral is white, pinkish, yellowish-cream. Physical properties: a) a thick crystals and tonkotablitchatye, sometimes very large; characterized by twins - Dovetail, b) dense aggregates, granular, foliated, fibrous (selenite), c) color white, often transparent, and gray and pink from impurities. Dash white, g) Gloss Glass, have differences of silk fiber, etc.) Cleavage very perfect on (010). By cleavage can be removed thin sheets, e) The hardness of 2 on a scale of IPRA, damn nail, g) Density 2.3. Applications. Gypsum is used in the form of cheese and baked. When heated to 120-140 degrees becomes hemihydrate CaSO4 * 0,5H2O (poluobozhzhenny gypsum or plaster) obtained calcined gypsum (stucco) at higher temperatures.
The calcined gypsum is used for plastering, architectural, plaster, in medicine, cement and paper industries. The crude gypsum is used in the manufacture of Portland cement, for sculpturing statues and as a fertilizer. The fibrous gypsum-selenite (especially from the region of the Urals Kungur) - is widely used for handicrafts.
Uddg- gypsum
Gypsum from flue gases is obtained by washing the exhaust gas installation for flue gas desulfitizatsii (UUSDG) and therefore is also called UUSDG-plaster It is formed from the wet, consisting of fine particles of the powder at desulfitizatsii gases (smoke) after combustion of fossil fuels (coal, lignite coal, oil) in large combustion plants, such as plants. Desulfitizatsiya carried out by washing the flue gases by means of lime or limestone slurry. Thus the flue gases contained sulfur dioxide, initially bound to calcium sulfite is converted to calcium sulfite hydrogenic easily soluble and thereafter by atmospheric oxygen is easily oxidized into gypsum. Ca (OH) 2 + SO2 → CaSO3 + H2O CaSO3 + ½ O2 + 2 H2O → CaSO4 · 2H2O
Owing to the flue gas cleaning with SO2 content of 800-1200 mg / m3 is reduced to about 100 mg / m3 in the exhaust gas. In this method, the introduction of large orders combustion plants (Keturah) By only vacuum dewatered gypsum filtration residue moisture of about 10% and, at the same time, freed of unwanted impurities, primarily chlorides. Suitable for the production of gypsum plaster particle structure can be achieved by pressing. From one ton of sulfur in the fuel of 5.4 m obtained gypsum. This method of producing gypsum from flue gas gypsum and cement industries technically possible and is of great economic calcium znachenie.Sulfat other origin produced, for example, in the manufacture of inorganic and organic acids (tartaric, citric, oxalic, boric acid), or during processing sulfate-containing waste water, because of the large content of undesirable impurities and high moisture content is not received still technical value. The ground shards of plaster molds of the ceramic industry are in part used as a setting regulator in cement production.
The main products in Central Europe are:
· Gypsum plaster for machine
· Plasterboard
· For spreading gypsum plaster.
For technical calcium sulfate used and various manufacturing agregaty- · · rotary furnace grate (cloth) · · autoclave digester. These plants can be processed like natural gypsum and gypsum-UUSDG.
UUSDG-gypsum is obtained as a wet fine product with a water content up to 10%. In a rotary kiln or autoclave it can be used without pretreatment, and the grate for gypsum-UUSDG web must first be dried and homogenized. In the future, they will be briefly explained the most important modes of production.