- •1 Level (6 points)
- •History of the need for building materials
- •Cement production in the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •The history of obtaining and production cement
- •Economics of cement production
- •Determination of clinker, cement and additives introduced in the grinding
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 1-4
- •The composition of the raw meal. Equations 5-9
- •Portland cement clinker.
- •An overview of phase composition and quality phase of clinker
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition alite
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of belite
- •Phase aluminate
- •Phase Ferrite
- •Other clinker phases
- •The composition and place of origin of the phases in portland cement clinker
- •Analysis of the raw meal, cement and clinker
- •Microscopic research of clinker
- •Recent developments in the use of X-rays
- •Petrographic analysis of clinker
- •Cement production
- •Raw materials and fuels in cement production
- •The raw materials of cement industry
- •Limestone and clay
- •A natural mixture of clay and limestone
- •Waste and their use in the cement industry
- •2 Level (6 points)
- •Mining, processing of raw materials, grinding of raw meal and homogenisation.
- •The blending warehouse of raw materials and its functions.
- •Development of the pile by rotary excavator
- •The process of burning cement clinker. General concepts
- •Chemical reactions during heat treatment of portland cement raw meal (main reaction clinker burning)
- •The dehydration of kaolinite
- •The reactions during the sintering
- •Reaction with cooling
- •Homogeneity of the raw meal
- •The process of burning cement clinker
- •Procedures for burning cement clinker
- •Decarbonizators with upward vertical gas flue.
- •The fuel in cement production
- •Clinker cooler
- •Cooler sf (Smidth-Fuller).
- •Storage of clinker
- •Cement Grinding
- •Milling equipment
- •The fineness of grinding and particle size distribution (grain) composition of the cement
- •Storage, packing, shipment cement to the consumer
- •The granulated blast furnace slag (s)
- •Pozzolan (p, q)
- •Natural pozzolanic additives (р)
- •Natural volcanic pozzolanic additives (q)
- •3 Level (8 points)
- •Fly ash rich in silica (V)
- •Lime ash dust (w)
- •Calcined shale (t)
- •Limestone (l, ll)
- •The quartz dust (d)
- •Small components
- •Calcium sulphate
- •The cement admixture
- •Cement according to standard
- •Physical and chemical properties of cements according to European standard
- •Cements with special properties
- •Well cement
- •Hydration
- •The reaction of silicates (c3s, c2s)
- •Hydration c3s
- •Hydration c2s
- •Reactions of hydration aluminate without participation of sulfates
- •Reactions hydration aluminate with participation sulphates
- •Hydration ferrite (c4af)
- •Taylor Model
- •Model Stark
- •The cement hydration
- •Reaction of the secondary components
- •Hydration of cement containing granulated slag
- •Reactions pozzolanic materials
- •4 Level (8 points)
- •Slowing solidification
- •Structure of a cement stone
- •Building lime
- •The historical and economic situation. Raw material deposits
- •Production and processing of limestone
- •Burning lime
- •Shaft kiln to coke (coal) and gas fuel
- •The rotary tube kiln
- •Counter current regenerative kiln (ggr-kiln)
- •Shaft ring kiln
- •Grinding and shipment of burnt lime
- •Slaked lime
- •The use of lime products
- •The requirements of stst 9179-79 to building lime
- •Gypsum. History and economy
- •Physical and chemical bases of gypsum binders
- •Phases in the system CaSo4 - h2o
- •The crystal structures, double salts, mixed crystals
- •Natural gypsum, natural anhydrite
- •The chemical gypsum
- •Uddg- gypsum
- •Production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Technological processes in the production of calcium sulphate binders
- •Autoclave method for producing α-hemihydrate
- •Gypsum boiling kettle for the production of ß-hemihydrate
- •5 Level (12 points)
- •The high temperature burning of gypsum method (multiphase gypsum) on the grate
- •Properties capable of hardening calcium sulphates
- •Hydration CaSo4-binding
- •Natural -, uusdg - and chemical anhydrite
- •The properties of the treated gypsum building materials
- •Other areas of application
- •The norms, chemical analysis and phase analysis
- •Gypsum Products
- •The requirements of gost 125-79 for the quality of construction gypsum
- •Other inorganic binding materials
- •Alumina cement
- •Production of alumina cement
- •Chemical and mineralogical composition of the alumina cement
- •Areas of use alumina cement
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added during the production concrete
- •Softeners (plasticizers), added to the concrete mix
- •Concrete
- •Mobile concrete plants
- •Concrete for precast concrete elements
- •Self-compacting concrete
- •Building mortar
- •Cement mortar
- •Plaster
- •Cementing deep wells
Chemical and mineralogical composition alite
Portland cement clinker includes several artificial minerals formed during firing. Approximate content of minerals in the four main clinker of Portland cement '(% by weight): alite 3CaO-SiO2 (C3S) - 40 ... 65, belite 2CaO-SiO2 (C2S) - 15 ... 40, celite CJSIC-A12O3 ( C3A) - 5 ... 15 celite 4SaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3 (C4AF) - 10 ... 20.
cement clinker microscopic examination showed that it is dominated by alite and belite crystals, which is located between the intermediate substance consisting of calcium aluminates and alyumoferritov in crystalline form, as well as vitreous glass and left in a free state CaO and MgO.
Tricalcium silicate (alite) - the main mineral of cement clinker - has a high activity in the reaction with water, especially in the initial period of time (the quantity of heat to 3 days up to about 2 / s of heat at full hydration). Alit quickly hardens and gains high strength.
Alyth - the main mineral clinker hardens quickly and practically determines the rate of hardening and increase the strength of Portland cement. He is a solid solution of tricalcium silicate and a small amount (2 ... 4%), other impurities, which can significantly affect the structure and properties of Portland cement.
Chemical and mineralogical composition of belite
Portland cement clinker includes several artificial minerals formed during firing. Approximate content of minerals in the four main clinker of Portland cement '(% by weight): alite 3CaO-SiO2 (C3S) - 40 ... 65, belite 2CaO-SiO2 (C2S) - 15 ... 40, celite CJSIC-A12O3 ( C3A) - 5 ... 15 celite 4SaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3 (C4AF) - 10 ... 20.
cement clinker microscopic examination showed that it is dominated by alite and belite crystals, which is located between the intermediate substance consisting of calcium aluminates and alyumoferritov in crystalline form, as well as vitreous glass and left in a free state CaO and MgO.
Dicalcium silicate (belite) is considerably less active than alite. Heat at full hydration of belite is approximately 2 times smaller than that of alite, and d 3 is about 10% of the total heat release during hydration. Belita Hardening occurs slowly. For a month's time the product has hardened its relatively low strength, but prolonged hardening (several years) in favorable conditions (at positive temperature and humid environment), its strength has been steadily increasing.
Belit - second in importance and content of clinker silicate minerals, slowly hardens and attains a high strength at prolonged curing. Belite clinker is a solid solution of dicalcium silicate and a small amount (1% ... 3) other. Contaminants. Due to the fact that the belite clinker slow cooling becomes astringent properties, this phenomenon is prevented by rapid cooling of the clinker.
Phase aluminate
Aluminate phase content is 5-10% for most normal cement clinkers. It tricalcium aluminate 3SaO * Al2O3, significantly modified the composition and sometimes the structure, due to foreign ions, especially Si4 +, Fe3 +, Na + and K +. Aluminate phase reacts rapidly with water and may cause undesirably rapid setting, if no seizure supervising added reagent commonly gypsum.
Aluminate phase is usually credited with the formula trehkaltsie Vågå-aluminate (S3L), although the amount determined by microscopic and X-ray methods, usually less than this estimate. This is because a certain amount of alumina compounds dissolved in the silicate clinker.
Alumina is included in the composition of the aluminate phases of Portland cement. Elevated amounts accelerate its setting time and a decrease in the durability of stone in the mineralized waters.
When hydration of granulated blast slag aluminate phase turns into hydrogarnet similar in composition and properties from the hexahydrate calcium hydroaluminates or in gidroalyuminatnye siliceous phases of variable composition.
However, it was found a discrepancy in the definition phase of the aluminate, which causes the need to improve the clinker composition assessment methods. Young showed that C3A strongly adsorbs surfactants from solution and therefore with a considerable content of aluminate phases to mitigate hydration needs a high percentage lignosulfate.
When calculating the mineralogical composition take that into the clinker contains only pure minerals C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF; aluminate C3A phase is represented; sulfates - sul calcium sulfonate. It is believed that no vitreous phase.
The advantage of sodium nitrite, as well as other, nitrite salts introduced into the concrete mixture, consists in the fact that the nitrite ion with the aluminate phases unreacted cement and hydroaluminates cement stone calcium interacts with a slower rate and leads to a sparingly soluble double salt hydrate: gidrshitrialyumI Nat calcium with less complete than the chloride ion.