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2. Use the active vocabulary of the lesson instead of the following:

1. to advise and order the patient some medicine; 2. To produce; 3. To put cups; 4. A define amount of the drug; 5. To stop the spread of inflammation; 6. A toxic medicine; 7. To make the pain less; 8. To be allowed and used.

Presentation of grammar – 15 min. Participles

Participles

Active

Passive

Present

Writing

being written

Past

-

written

Perfect

having written

having been written

Past Participles

Past participles are used with simple perfect tenses (continuous perfect or progressive perfect tenses take the participle 'been' + the present participle - have been playing, will have been working, etc.).

Present Perfect - She's already eaten lunch. Past Perfect - They had left for California before she called. Future Perfect - I will have bought the clothes by tomorrow evening.

Past participles are also used in all passive voice sentences. To quickly review the passive voice structure:

Passive Subject + be (conjugated) + past participle

Present passive - Tom was taught by Frankie. Past passive - My car was made in Germany. etc.

Participles Used as Adjectives

Participles can also be used as adjectives to describe nouns. The difference between the present participle and the past participle can make quite a difference in meaning:

The bored man went to sleep during the discussion. The boring man put other people to sleep during the discussion.

In the first sentence the past participle 'bored' is used to mean that the man himself was bored, in the second sentence the present participle 'boring' is used to mean that the man was boring to others.

Participles Used as Adverbs

The present participle is sometimes used as an adverb to describe the manner in which a verb is performed. Here are a few examples:

She taught pounding the grammar into their heads! Angelo works considering all angles.

Notice how the present participle could be preceded with 'by' to give the same meaning:

She taught (by) pounding the grammar into their heads! Angelo works (by) considering all angles.

Participles Used like Clauses

Finally, participles are also used in short phrases that function as clauses. In some cases, the phrase containing the participle drops the relative pronoun:

Who's that boy playing the piano? - (Who is that boy who playing the piano?) That's the man remembered by his friends. - (That is the man who was remembered by his friends.)

These structures can also introduce sentences with either the present participle or the past participle:

Spending all his free-time in the library, he continued to learn outside of class. Left alone with no where to go, Mary decided to return home a few days early.

Perfect Participle образуется от причастия настоящего времени глагола to have – having и Past Participle смыслового глагола.

Примеры:to write – having writtenнаписав to tell – having toldсказав

Отрицательная частица not ставится перед причастием:

to ask – not askingне спрашивая