Английский – международный язык общения

В настоящее время, когда открыты границы между странами, в эпоху глобализации, тесного сотрудничества между странами, английский язык является международным языком. Это язык бизнеса, науки, дипломатии, масс – медиа, туризма и прочих сфер деятельности. В связи с этим изучение английского языка является актуальным для людей разных национальностей и разных возрастных групп.

Английский язык является одним из самых популярных языков в мире. Как известно, он является официальным в таких странах, как: Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, Соединенные Штаты Америки, Австралия и Новая Зеландия. В связи с обозначенной актуальностью, целью нашей работы является изучить различия между американским и британским вариантом английского языка.

Выделяют британский, американский канадский, австралийский и новозеландский варианты английского языка. В такой вариативности языка выделяют в основном лексические, грамматические, фонетические и орфографические различия.

В качестве лексических различий британского и американского вариантов английского языка отметим: torch – flashlight (фонарик). К грамматическим особенностям относятся: употребление в американском варианте грамматического времени Present Perfect вместо Past Simple, употребление «gotten» вместо «got» в форме Past Participle. В части фонетики, «американские» гласные не подразделяются на краткие и долгие. В отличие от британского английского американскому английскому свойственно произношение [r] в конце слов, например таких как: mother, car, teacher и т.д. Буква «А», которая произносится в британском варианте в закрытом типе слога как [æ], в американском произносится как [a:], например, в словах after, can’t. Что касается разницы в правописании, те слова, которые заканчиваются на -our в британском варианте, имеют суффиксы -or в американском: labour - labor, и проч. Британский суффикс существительного -er преобразуется в американский -re: theater - theatre, и проч.

Итак, приведя примеры различий американского и британского вариантов английского языка отметим, что данные особенности языка необходимо учитывать как изучающим язык, так и людям уже владеющим языком на продвинутом уровне. Вопрос о том, какой вариант принять за образец, пожалуй, спорный, поскольку зависит от различных факторов. Но учет и применение особенностей разных вариантов поможет грамотно изъясняться на языке, быть понятыми и доводить информацию до партнера по общению независимо от того, в какой англоговорящей стране находится человек.

Мачайкина В.Н.

«Российский экономический университет им. Г.В.Плеханова»

Казанский институт (филиал)

PROSPECTS OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Today, the share of renewable energy in Russia doesn’t exceed 1%. The reasons are well known: Russia is rich in traditional hydrocarbon and the volume of Russian oil and gas production is the first in the world. But it does not mean that the state does not want to take any measures to support alternative fuels.

Adopted in November 2009 the law № 261-FZ "On energy saving and energy efficiency" obliges manufacturers and consumers to implement and use modern energy saving technologies.

And in October 2012, the Russian government proposed a comprehensive set of measures to stimulate the development of renewable energy. In particular, there were developed some programs aimed at changes in federal legislation and legal acts to ensure the growth of "green" energy investment attractiveness. Thus, the government clearly stated its position on the "greening".

Biogas plants, using raw organic waste is widely used in Europe and other countries - China, India, Vietnam and Nepal. There is the similar technique in the livestock sector in neighboring Udmurtia.

However, the imported plants for biogas producing are expensive, so scientists from Kazan State Technical University, Kazan National Research Technological University and Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University developed less expensive project which is worth 30 million rubles. According to experts from an economic point of view biogas installation can be less profitable but it will help to solve environmental problems. One of them is recycling manure, which are used in agriculture as a fertilizer.

The accident at the Japanese nuclear power plant "Fukushima-1" has revived fears of nuclear energy and uncertainty in the necessity of further development of peaceful nuclear energy. Experts predict the inevitable growth of alternative energy.At of the beginning of 2013, renewable energy support policies were identified in 127 countries, more than two-thirds of which are developing countries or emerging economies.

But the latest data published by Bloomberg New Energy Finance show the opposite trend: investment in the renewable energy have been significantly reduced at the end of 2013, primarily due to reduction in China, the U.S. and Europe . Investment growth was observed only in Brazil , Britain, Canada, Chile, Uruguay and Italy.

Experts consider the reduction of governmental support as one of the possible reasons that caused the fall of investments. They also pay attention to the fact that due to a sharp increase in production of energy from alternative sources the tariffs on electricity produced from conventional sources grow. Possible reasons for the reduction of investment in the production of alternative energy sources are "shale boom" in the U.S. and reducing the cost of wind power in China.

According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy in 2013 electricity generation by wind turbines in the world amounted to 2.3% of total global electricity production. Most of the installed capacity accounted for by Europe (38.8 %). Next - Asian countries (34.5%) and North America ( 23.9 %). Least of all wind energy is used in Latin America and the Caribbean (1.2%), in the Pacific region (1.1%), as well as in Africa and the Middle East ( 0.4%). As for the leading countries in wind power development the majority ( 73.6 %) of the world's installed capacity of wind turbines accounts for by five countries : China, USA, Germany, Spain and India.

Solar energy is a relatively new method of production electricity. Proceeding from natural factors, the most favorable regions for solar energy development are the countries in tropical and subtropical climatic zones, with high longitudinal light all day and year round and insolation (incoming solar rays).

The world's first interactive world atlas RES (Global Atlas for Renewable Energy) was launched by International Agency for Renewable Energies (IRENA) in partnership with Masdar, specializing in renewable energy in 2013. Atlas provides open access to information about the potential of worldwide renewable energy sources. Currently, 39 countries expressed their support for the project, including Egypt, Ethiopia, Iraq, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, the Saudi Arabia, the Seychelles, South Africa and the United Arab Emirates.

Generally the energy, based on fossil fuels, create a lot of environmental problems. For the last 50 years, carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere increased 4.5 times. This is the very carbon dioxide, which led to the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, and which, as we are assured by many scholars, caused the greenhouse effect.

China and India are the leaders in the study of this problem. These countries have enough natural gas to extract hydrogen, and close to the final stage of the decision of the hydrogen problem.

The U.S. allocated $200 million for the "hydrogen" program, while Japan invested $260 million, Canada - $ 400 million, and the European Union - more than 2 billion euros.

So far, the production of a hydrogen-powered car costs about 10 times more than a similar model with an internal combustion engine, besides the production of hydrogen from natural gas results in the emission into the atmosphere of large amounts of carbon dioxide. That is why representatives of the giants of the American automotive industry, for example, General Motors, are very skeptical and continue to improve gasoline engines.

According to forecasts, the number of cars in the world by 2050 will reach 1.5 billion units. If gasoline is replaced by hydrogen, it will require 260 billion kg of hydrogen fuel per year by 2050. To generate enough hydrogen electricity production will need to be increased only by 15-25% above its usual rate.

In March 2010, the government of Tatarstan, headed by the Prime minister and the President, approved the Program of development of biotechnology in the Republic of Tatarstan for 2010-2020. The possibility of application of innovative technology solutions in the development of biofuels from waste, using strains of microalgae was notably considered. The target of 10-years program is the improving of Tatarstan economy based on the widespread adoption of modern biotechnology in the key sectors of the economy.

Another example of the application of alternative energy is the installation of traffic lights using alternative energy in Naberezhnye Chelny (February, 2012). The main source of energy is a solar panel, and if it is not enough, the battery is recharged from the wind turbine, which is integrated into the design of traffic lights. Battery is mounted on the top of the lamp, and it accumulates sun energy, but in the dark it works due to accumulation. Thus, the traffic lights save energy.

But the first steps towards alternative technological changes were made in October 2007, with the construction of the largest plant in Russia for production of biofuels. The project was initiated by "Nefis" group (Kazan). Wheat, corn, triticale and rye will be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels.

However, Russian and foreign investors do not tend to invest their money in this sector. Underworked judicial basis of the industry and the lack of practical applications of energy-efficient technologies stop the investors. So the Ministry decided to develop the practice of energy service agreements.

In particular, the Ministry of Energy plans to create a federal energy service company which is 100% owned by the state, and will initiate new projects. It will take the full risk and can even share the capital of the regional energy service companies, which should include energy modernization of Russian enterprises.

At the same time, it is necessary to emphasize that the effectiveness of the project fulfillment will depend not only on the choice of technology, investment and raw materials for production, but also, on the adoption of appropriate laws.

Никитина В.В.

«Колледж физической культуры ФГБОУ ВПО «Поволжская государственная академия физической культуры, спорта и туризма» Набережночелнинский филиал

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