- •Isbn 5-8330-0232-х е л р ЖолтаЯ( Памухина, л.Г., Жолтая, л.Р., Любимцева, с.Н., Архангельская, т.Р.
- •Unit 1
- •Enquiry
- •1. Preliminary discussion
- •Vocabulary list
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. A. There is a complaint about short-delivery.
- •VII. Fill in the articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Sum up the dialogues.
- •VIII. Fill in prepositions or adverbial particles wherever necessary.
- •IX. Compare the English and the Russian sample letters. Discuss the ques-
- •XI. Read and act out the flashes of conversation using the substitutions for the phrases in italics.
- •XII.Translate into English.
- •XIII. Act out the situations.
- •1. Subject of the Contract
- •2. Prices and Total Amount of the Contract
- •3. Delivery Dates
- •4. Terms of Payment
- •XVI. Read these sample letters for different occasions. Make use of the phrases in bold type. A. Business Letters
- •1. The Letterhead
- •2. The Date
- •3. Inside Name and Address
- •4. The Salutation
- •5. The Message
- •6. The Signature
- •2. Discussing the time limits
- •3. Discussing the cost of the design work
- •6. This does sound very attractive.
- •Exercises
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •III. Find English equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •To carry out
- •To inform smb (of smth, that...)
- •20Th November, 20...
- •XI. Study these translation difficulties. Translate into English.
- •2. Discussing the advance payment
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Make use of the phrases on pages 45-46.
- •XV. Act out these situations. Use the speech patterns on page 46.
- •XVI. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •I. Структура делового письма
- •Para 1. Subject of the Contract
- •Para 3. Dates
- •Para 5. Price
- •Para 6. Terms of Payment
- •Para 7. Miscellaneous
- •Article 3. Schedule of Delivery
- •Article 4. Contract Price
- •Article 6. Terms of Payment
- •Article 6. Other Terms
- •Cost of the equipment
- •Arranging for deliveries
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer these questions.
- •VI. Practice these words and word combinations.
- •To be responsible for
- •To bring up; to clarify
- •To cover
- •To look into the matter
- •1. Discussing the guarantee period
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Make use of the writ ten patterns on pages 85-86.
- •XV. Act out these situations. Use the speech patterns on pages 86-87.
- •XVI. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •1. Subject of the Contract
- •2. Price
- •3. Terms of Delivery
- •8. Alterations and Amendments
- •5. Shipping Documents
- •6. Guarantees
- •7. Terms of Payment
- •Vocational Training of the Customers' (Buyers') Trainees
- •Vocabulary list
- •Speech patterns
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Insure V
- •Information help
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •To reimburse; reimbursement
- •To provide for; to provide with
- •VII. Compare the style of these phrases.
- •IX. Fill in prepositions wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •3. 9Th April, 20...
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Use the written pat terns on p. 123.
- •XV. Write letters to customers on the basis of the situations given below.
- •XVI. Make up dialogues based on the following situations. Use the speech patterns on p. 12, 86-87,124.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •Para 10
- •Para 11
- •Para 12
- •Article 2
- •Article 3
- •Article 5
- •Article 6
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations.
- •To tackle
- •To come to terms
- •To count on smb or smth
- •VIII. Fill in articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •XIII. Read the dialogue, sum up the contents and act It out.
- •XV. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •1. Agency agreement
- •Para 4
- •Para 5
- •Para 6
- •1.13 Acceptance of Offers
- •Discussing general questions
- •The contract price
- •The licensor's fee
- •Vocabulary list
- •Initial quotation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •2. Поддерживать, продолжать, не бросать
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations. To build up
- •Technique(s)
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •2. September 25, 20...
- •2. The sale of the licensed product
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVII. Act out the situations.
- •2. The unido proforma licence agreement Article 1 Some Definitions
- •Article 3 Obligations of the Licensor
- •Article 7 Patent Infringement
- •Article 4 Obligations of the Licensee
- •Written patterns
- •Vocabulary list
- •Interest rate
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations. To undertake the responsibility
- •To infringe; infringement
- •In compliance with; to comply with a) Paraphrase these sentences.
- •I») Translate into English.
- •To bear the cost
- •To bear smth in mind
- •VII. Compare the style of these phrases.
- •IX. Fill in the articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •2. Discussing engagement of a new sub-contractor
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •2.2. Contractor to Inform Himself Fully
- •2.5. Mistakes in Drawings
- •2.7. Assignment and Subletting
- •2.9. Manner of Execution
- •2.10. Contractor's Equipment
- •2.11. Lighting and Guarding
- •2.12. Electricity, Water, and Other Services
- •2.13. Labour and Staff
- •2.15. Sanitary Measures
- •2.16. Site Services
- •Unit 8 turn-key construction
- •Discussing terms of payment
- •Vocabulary list
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •III. Give English equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words. To remind; reminder
- •To rent; rent
- •Unit 9
- •22Nd October 20...
- •Vocabulary list
- •The first consignment would be despatched ...
- •Prices as quoted are f.O.B. ... Port
- •Five days before your vessel's arrival
- •Install V
- •Inland transportation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer these questions.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words.
- •To avoid smth; doing smth
- •To install; installation
- •To ensure
- •VIII. Fill in prepositions or adverbs wherever necessary. Discuss the let ter.
- •XIV. Read the reference material, make use of the information in exercises XV and XVI wherever possible.
- •Incoterms
- •XV. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •XVI. Act out these situations.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from the documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •Para 2 Price and Total Cost of Contract
- •Para 3 Time of Delivery
- •Vocabulary list
- •Voting procedure
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •Voting procedure
- •To tender for
- •3. November 9,20...
- •XI. Express the contents of the above letters in telexes.
- •XII. Study these translation difficulties. Translate into English.
- •1. Discussing submission of the tender and bank guarantee
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVII. Act out these situations.
- •Article 3 — Duration
- •Article 6 — Project Manager's Fee
- •Article 7 — Comprehensive Tender
- •Article 8 — Contract Negotiations
- •Article 10 — Division of the Work
- •Article 14 — Programme of Work
- •Article 15 — Confidentiality
- •Article 18 — Sub-Contracting
- •Unit 11 claims and complaints
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary list
- •In one's presence
- •In transit
- •Exercises
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations.
- •XIV. Study the translation difficulties. Translate Into English.
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVI. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •Insure [in'jus] V страховать
- •Isbn 5-8330-0232-х е л р ЖолтаЯ( Памухина, л.Г., Жолтая, л.Р., Любимцева, с.Н., Архангельская, т.Р.
- •Isbn 5-8330-0232-х
- •Unit 1
- •Enquiry
- •1. Preliminary discussion
- •Vocabulary list
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. A. There is a complaint about short-delivery.
- •VII. Fill in the articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Sum up the dialogues.
- •VIII. Fill in prepositions or adverbial particles wherever necessary.
- •IX. Compare the English and the Russian sample letters. Discuss the ques-
- •XI. Read and act out the flashes of conversation using the substitutions for the phrases in italics.
- •XII.Translate into English.
- •XIII. Act out the situations.
- •1. Subject of the Contract
- •2. Prices and Total Amount of the Contract
- •3. Delivery Dates
- •4. Terms of Payment
- •XVI. Read these sample letters for different occasions. Make use of the phrases in bold type. A. Business Letters
- •1. The Letterhead
- •2. The Date
- •3. Inside Name and Address
- •4. The Salutation
- •5. The Message
- •6. The Signature
- •2. Discussing the time limits
- •3. Discussing the cost of the design work
- •6. This does sound very attractive.
- •Exercises
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •III. Find English equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •To carry out
- •To inform smb (of smth, that...)
- •20Th November, 20...
- •XI. Study these translation difficulties. Translate into English.
- •2. Discussing the advance payment
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Make use of the phrases on pages 45-46.
- •XV. Act out these situations. Use the speech patterns on page 46.
- •XVI. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •I. Структура делового письма
- •Para 1. Subject of the Contract
- •Para 3. Dates
- •Para 5. Price
- •Para 6. Terms of Payment
- •Para 7. Miscellaneous
- •Article 3. Schedule of Delivery
- •Article 4. Contract Price
- •Article 6. Terms of Payment
- •Article 6. Other Terms
- •Cost of the equipment
- •Arranging for deliveries
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer these questions.
- •VI. Practice these words and word combinations.
- •To be responsible for
- •To bring up; to clarify
- •To cover
- •To look into the matter
- •1. Discussing the guarantee period
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Make use of the writ ten patterns on pages 85-86.
- •XV. Act out these situations. Use the speech patterns on pages 86-87.
- •XVI. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •1. Subject of the Contract
- •2. Price
- •3. Terms of Delivery
- •8. Alterations and Amendments
- •5. Shipping Documents
- •6. Guarantees
- •7. Terms of Payment
- •Vocational Training of the Customers' (Buyers') Trainees
- •Vocabulary list
- •Speech patterns
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Insure V
- •Information help
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •To reimburse; reimbursement
- •To provide for; to provide with
- •VII. Compare the style of these phrases.
- •IX. Fill in prepositions wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •3. 9Th April, 20...
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Use the written pat terns on p. 123.
- •XV. Write letters to customers on the basis of the situations given below.
- •XVI. Make up dialogues based on the following situations. Use the speech patterns on p. 12, 86-87,124.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •Para 10
- •Para 11
- •Para 12
- •Article 2
- •Article 3
- •Article 5
- •Article 6
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations.
- •To tackle
- •To come to terms
- •To count on smb or smth
- •VIII. Fill in articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •XIII. Read the dialogue, sum up the contents and act It out.
- •XV. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •1. Agency agreement
- •Para 4
- •Para 5
- •Para 6
- •1.13 Acceptance of Offers
- •Discussing general questions
- •The contract price
- •The licensor's fee
- •Vocabulary list
- •Initial quotation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •2. Поддерживать, продолжать, не бросать
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations. To build up
- •Technique(s)
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •2. September 25, 20...
- •2. The sale of the licensed product
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVII. Act out the situations.
- •2. The unido proforma licence agreement Article 1 Some Definitions
- •Article 3 Obligations of the Licensor
- •Article 7 Patent Infringement
- •Article 4 Obligations of the Licensee
- •Written patterns
- •Vocabulary list
- •Interest rate
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations. To undertake the responsibility
- •To infringe; infringement
- •In compliance with; to comply with a) Paraphrase these sentences.
- •I») Translate into English.
- •To bear the cost
- •To bear smth in mind
- •VII. Compare the style of these phrases.
- •IX. Fill in the articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •2. Discussing engagement of a new sub-contractor
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •2.2. Contractor to Inform Himself Fully
- •2.5. Mistakes in Drawings
- •2.7. Assignment and Subletting
- •2.9. Manner of Execution
- •2.10. Contractor's Equipment
- •2.11. Lighting and Guarding
- •2.12. Electricity, Water, and Other Services
- •2.13. Labour and Staff
- •2.15. Sanitary Measures
- •2.16. Site Services
- •Unit 8 turn-key construction
- •Discussing terms of payment
- •Vocabulary list
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •III. Give English equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words. To remind; reminder
- •To rent; rent
- •Unit 9
- •22Nd October 20...
- •Vocabulary list
- •The first consignment would be despatched ...
- •Prices as quoted are f.O.B. ... Port
- •Five days before your vessel's arrival
- •Install V
- •Inland transportation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer these questions.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words.
- •To avoid smth; doing smth
- •To install; installation
- •To ensure
- •VIII. Fill in prepositions or adverbs wherever necessary. Discuss the let ter.
- •XIV. Read the reference material, make use of the information in exercises XV and XVI wherever possible.
- •Incoterms
- •XV. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •XVI. Act out these situations.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from the documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •Para 2 Price and Total Cost of Contract
- •Para 3 Time of Delivery
- •Vocabulary list
- •Voting procedure
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •Voting procedure
- •To tender for
- •3. November 9,20...
- •XI. Express the contents of the above letters in telexes.
- •XII. Study these translation difficulties. Translate into English.
- •1. Discussing submission of the tender and bank guarantee
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVII. Act out these situations.
- •Article 3 — Duration
- •Article 6 — Project Manager's Fee
- •Article 7 — Comprehensive Tender
- •Article 8 — Contract Negotiations
- •Article 10 — Division of the Work
- •Article 14 — Programme of Work
- •Article 15 — Confidentiality
- •Article 18 — Sub-Contracting
- •Unit 11 claims and complaints
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary list
- •In one's presence
- •In transit
- •Exercises
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations.
- •XIV. Study the translation difficulties. Translate Into English.
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVI. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •Insure [in'jus] V страховать
IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
VI. Practise these words and word combinations. To build up
a) Translate into Russian.
1. Developing countries set themselves a task of building up their national economies. 2. They try to build up their domestic market. 3. These books will soon build up into a fine library. 4. Daily morning exercises help build up one's health.
b) Act out the flashes of conversation using the substitutions for the words in italics.
1. A. We need local manufacture of machine-tools, and very badly.
B. That's the point of today's discussion. But you should build up a domestic market for them.
Substitutions: tractors; lorries; consumer goods; excavators
2. A. Another thing, Mr M. You want to build up a stock of spares for the
workshop, don't you? B. We do, and we'd appreciate your help. A. I believe we can place an order for you with our manufacturers.
Substitutions: instruments; trolleys (тележки); lifting facilities
Technique(s)
a) Translate into Russian.
1. We usually provide operating techniques under a separate contract. 2. The customer's trainees come to Russian enterprises to study different techniques. 3. Russian instructors teach the customer's personnel techniques to operate the equipment.
b) Act out the flash of conversation using the substitutions for the phrase in italics.
A. Our expert is coming to give your workmen consultations on the con-
trol equipment.
B. That would ease things around. They need to know operating tech niques.
Substitutions: power equipment; irrigation equipment; electronics; geodetic equipment
c) Translate into English.
1. Мы ожидаем, что ваши специалисты передадут нам некоторые приемы работы с лицензионным оборудованием. 2. По этому соглашению будут введены новые способы очистки воды (water purification). 3. Лицензионное соглашение предусматривает передачу технических приемов лицензиату. 4. Если специалисты лицензиата приедут на российское предприятие, то они получат информацию о любом процессе и способе изготовления продукта по лицензии.
to transfer; transfer; telegraphic transfer
a) Answer these questions.
1. Why is transfer of latest technology and know-how becoming increasingly popular? 2. Do you transfer your experience under licence agreements? 3. Is payment by telegraphic transfer often used in your contracts with the customer?
b) Act out the flash of conversation using the substitutions for the word in italics.
A. How much do you charge for the transfer of know-how?
210
211
Phrases from a business letter:
have come into being in recent times
It is our intention to establish the manufacture
of...
We are therefore interested in contacting
...
with a view to choosing lines suitable for us
Substitutions: latest technology; knowledge and experience; documents; rights
c) Translate into English.
1. В контракт была включена статья о передаче секретов производства заказчику. 2. По соглашению права на использование лицензии не могут быть переданы третьей стороне. 3. Заказчик согласился произвести платеж аванса по телеграфу. 4. Текущие отчисления должны быть переданы на счет лицензиара в банке заказчика.
to develop a process
a) Translate into Russian.
1. The customer is interested in obtaining a licence for processes developed at our plants. 2. It is uneconomical for the customer to develop new manufacturing processes by his own means. 3. If the licensor modifies the process already developed he should inform his licensee of it.
b) Act out the flash of conversation using the substitutions for the phrase in italics.
A. You have developed a new process to make medical equipment. Could you sell us a licence for this?
B. That's a good idea and very economical in terms of money. But are the necessary materials available?
Substitutions: pipes of a wide diameter; synthetic rubber; spares for cars
c) Translate into English.
1. Заказчик начал разрабатывать полезные ископаемые с помощью российских специалистов. 2. Это предложение было развито на следующих переговорах. 3. Производственный процесс, разработанный вами, не устраивает лицензиата. 4. Заказчику выгоднее купить лицензию, чем разрабатывать самому производство новой продукции.
to keep up
a) Translate into Russian.
1. The customer is trying to keep up the quality of licensed product by training his people at modern plants. 2. We kept up the talks and settled all outstanding questions. 3. In order to keep up your English do a lot of reading. 4. If the weather keeps up we shall have some outdoor games.
b) Act out the flash of conversation using the substitutions for the phrase in italics.
A. You know we've been having difficulty with the manufacturing proc ess.
B. What's the problem?
A. Raw materials have been delayed. Anyway we managed to keep up the production level.
Substitutions: necessary drawings; deliveries of non-standard equipment; entry visas for your expert
c) Translate into English.
1. За последнее время цены на этот вид сырья не снижаются. 2. Лицензиат поддерживает переписку с российской стороной, сообщая о качестве выпускаемой продукции. 3. Все поддержали беседу. 4. Не бросайте изучение английского языка. 5. Будем надеяться, что погода не изменится.
VII. Compare the style of these phrases.
Phrases from a business talk: have appeared lately
We are going to start the production of... We would like to get in touch with
and we would like to choose suitable lines
212
213
to manufacture the above equip- to make the equipment we're
dis-
ment cussing
is willing to transfer it...
is ready (would like) to transfer it
VIII. Fill in articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary.
Discuss the letter.
May 10, 20...
Dear Sirs,
We thank you for your letter advising us of... technical
characteristics of
... equipment produced under ... licence.
We have to admit that ... slight
deterioration in ... quality has indeed
been registered in some of the machines manufactured lately.
Judging from ... investigations
carried out by ... own experts two main
causes of malfunction of... equipment
could be considered:
natural wear of ... processing
equipment and machine-tools with ... help
of which ... licensed product is
manufactured;
deterioration of ... professional
skills of ... workers who do ...
most responsible job on ... line.
to this end...
raw materials are fully available in
this country in the volume required for the
manufacture of the equipment We look forward to hearing from
you soon your letter inquiring about (requesting about) ... The letter arrived at a very opportune moment with regard to (concerning) ... as soon as we are in possession of
the details ... we shall forward to you ... but our understanding is ... will suit your purpose best of all we are giving your enquiry priority
to do that...
we have all the necessary raw materials
and the quantity should be enough to make the equipment
We hope to hear from you soon
your letter where you ask about...
The letter came at a very suitable
moment about... as soon as we have the details ...
we shall send you ... the way we understand it... will be quite suitable for you your enquiry comes first with us
But we are happy to inform you that at present we have worked out ... measures to streamline the situation and eliminate ... above shortcomings.
We feel that most drastic ones are: replacement of... processing equipment and upgrading ... personnel skills.
With this in view we would like ... group of 8 people to be sent to ... Russian enterprise under... vocational training scheme agreed between us in advance.
We hope to hear from you soon,
Yours faithfully,
deterioration n ухудшение (качества) malfunction n неисправная работа processing equipment технологическое оборудование
drastic а решительный streamline v выправить, сделать
более эффективным upgrading п повышение квалификации
IX. Read the article and discuss the problem raised in it.
Franchising is a business system in which a company or the franchisor sells an individual or a business entity, in this case the franchisee, the right to operate a business using the franchisor's established system.
The franchisee can use the franchisor's trademarks, brandnames, reputation, expertise, experience and services for a fee stipulated in a Franchise agreement.
At the beginning of their partnership the franchisee pays an initial franchise fee and then agrees to pay a management services fee, or royalties, which are usually a percentage of the annual turnover. Sometimes the Franchisee contributes to the franchisor's advertising and marketing costs.
As trade barriers disappear in Europe and free market economies are getting established in Eastern European countries and Russia, massive crossborder franchising is predicted. For big companies who want to expand into foreign markets setting a franchise is the safest and most profitable way.
For local companies or entrepreneurs a franchise agreement is a shortcut to becoming a business owner. Foreign companies need local companies who know local market conditions, and they know what is best for their countries.
The range of franchise opportunities is numerous. Retail sales through franchised outlets, fast food industry have become success stories of pro-
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retail
outlet магазин
розничной торговли
master licence agreement монопольное,
мастерское соглашение
a short
cut более
короткий и эффективный путь
(business) entity юридическое
лицо
initial franchise fee первоначальный взнос
annual turnover торговый оборот за год
entrepreneur [,эп1гэргэ'пз:] п пред-приниматель