- •Isbn 5-8330-0232-х е л р ЖолтаЯ( Памухина, л.Г., Жолтая, л.Р., Любимцева, с.Н., Архангельская, т.Р.
- •Unit 1
- •Enquiry
- •1. Preliminary discussion
- •Vocabulary list
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. A. There is a complaint about short-delivery.
- •VII. Fill in the articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Sum up the dialogues.
- •VIII. Fill in prepositions or adverbial particles wherever necessary.
- •IX. Compare the English and the Russian sample letters. Discuss the ques-
- •XI. Read and act out the flashes of conversation using the substitutions for the phrases in italics.
- •XII.Translate into English.
- •XIII. Act out the situations.
- •1. Subject of the Contract
- •2. Prices and Total Amount of the Contract
- •3. Delivery Dates
- •4. Terms of Payment
- •XVI. Read these sample letters for different occasions. Make use of the phrases in bold type. A. Business Letters
- •1. The Letterhead
- •2. The Date
- •3. Inside Name and Address
- •4. The Salutation
- •5. The Message
- •6. The Signature
- •2. Discussing the time limits
- •3. Discussing the cost of the design work
- •6. This does sound very attractive.
- •Exercises
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •III. Find English equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •To carry out
- •To inform smb (of smth, that...)
- •20Th November, 20...
- •XI. Study these translation difficulties. Translate into English.
- •2. Discussing the advance payment
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Make use of the phrases on pages 45-46.
- •XV. Act out these situations. Use the speech patterns on page 46.
- •XVI. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •I. Структура делового письма
- •Para 1. Subject of the Contract
- •Para 3. Dates
- •Para 5. Price
- •Para 6. Terms of Payment
- •Para 7. Miscellaneous
- •Article 3. Schedule of Delivery
- •Article 4. Contract Price
- •Article 6. Terms of Payment
- •Article 6. Other Terms
- •Cost of the equipment
- •Arranging for deliveries
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer these questions.
- •VI. Practice these words and word combinations.
- •To be responsible for
- •To bring up; to clarify
- •To cover
- •To look into the matter
- •1. Discussing the guarantee period
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Make use of the writ ten patterns on pages 85-86.
- •XV. Act out these situations. Use the speech patterns on pages 86-87.
- •XVI. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •1. Subject of the Contract
- •2. Price
- •3. Terms of Delivery
- •8. Alterations and Amendments
- •5. Shipping Documents
- •6. Guarantees
- •7. Terms of Payment
- •Vocational Training of the Customers' (Buyers') Trainees
- •Vocabulary list
- •Speech patterns
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Insure V
- •Information help
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •To reimburse; reimbursement
- •To provide for; to provide with
- •VII. Compare the style of these phrases.
- •IX. Fill in prepositions wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •3. 9Th April, 20...
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Use the written pat terns on p. 123.
- •XV. Write letters to customers on the basis of the situations given below.
- •XVI. Make up dialogues based on the following situations. Use the speech patterns on p. 12, 86-87,124.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •Para 10
- •Para 11
- •Para 12
- •Article 2
- •Article 3
- •Article 5
- •Article 6
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations.
- •To tackle
- •To come to terms
- •To count on smb or smth
- •VIII. Fill in articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •XIII. Read the dialogue, sum up the contents and act It out.
- •XV. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •1. Agency agreement
- •Para 4
- •Para 5
- •Para 6
- •1.13 Acceptance of Offers
- •Discussing general questions
- •The contract price
- •The licensor's fee
- •Vocabulary list
- •Initial quotation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •2. Поддерживать, продолжать, не бросать
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations. To build up
- •Technique(s)
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •2. September 25, 20...
- •2. The sale of the licensed product
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVII. Act out the situations.
- •2. The unido proforma licence agreement Article 1 Some Definitions
- •Article 3 Obligations of the Licensor
- •Article 7 Patent Infringement
- •Article 4 Obligations of the Licensee
- •Written patterns
- •Vocabulary list
- •Interest rate
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations. To undertake the responsibility
- •To infringe; infringement
- •In compliance with; to comply with a) Paraphrase these sentences.
- •I») Translate into English.
- •To bear the cost
- •To bear smth in mind
- •VII. Compare the style of these phrases.
- •IX. Fill in the articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •2. Discussing engagement of a new sub-contractor
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •2.2. Contractor to Inform Himself Fully
- •2.5. Mistakes in Drawings
- •2.7. Assignment and Subletting
- •2.9. Manner of Execution
- •2.10. Contractor's Equipment
- •2.11. Lighting and Guarding
- •2.12. Electricity, Water, and Other Services
- •2.13. Labour and Staff
- •2.15. Sanitary Measures
- •2.16. Site Services
- •Unit 8 turn-key construction
- •Discussing terms of payment
- •Vocabulary list
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •III. Give English equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words. To remind; reminder
- •To rent; rent
- •Unit 9
- •22Nd October 20...
- •Vocabulary list
- •The first consignment would be despatched ...
- •Prices as quoted are f.O.B. ... Port
- •Five days before your vessel's arrival
- •Install V
- •Inland transportation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer these questions.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words.
- •To avoid smth; doing smth
- •To install; installation
- •To ensure
- •VIII. Fill in prepositions or adverbs wherever necessary. Discuss the let ter.
- •XIV. Read the reference material, make use of the information in exercises XV and XVI wherever possible.
- •Incoterms
- •XV. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •XVI. Act out these situations.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from the documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •Para 2 Price and Total Cost of Contract
- •Para 3 Time of Delivery
- •Vocabulary list
- •Voting procedure
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •Voting procedure
- •To tender for
- •3. November 9,20...
- •XI. Express the contents of the above letters in telexes.
- •XII. Study these translation difficulties. Translate into English.
- •1. Discussing submission of the tender and bank guarantee
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVII. Act out these situations.
- •Article 3 — Duration
- •Article 6 — Project Manager's Fee
- •Article 7 — Comprehensive Tender
- •Article 8 — Contract Negotiations
- •Article 10 — Division of the Work
- •Article 14 — Programme of Work
- •Article 15 — Confidentiality
- •Article 18 — Sub-Contracting
- •Unit 11 claims and complaints
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary list
- •In one's presence
- •In transit
- •Exercises
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations.
- •XIV. Study the translation difficulties. Translate Into English.
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVI. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •Insure [in'jus] V страховать
- •Isbn 5-8330-0232-х е л р ЖолтаЯ( Памухина, л.Г., Жолтая, л.Р., Любимцева, с.Н., Архангельская, т.Р.
- •Isbn 5-8330-0232-х
- •Unit 1
- •Enquiry
- •1. Preliminary discussion
- •Vocabulary list
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. A. There is a complaint about short-delivery.
- •VII. Fill in the articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Sum up the dialogues.
- •VIII. Fill in prepositions or adverbial particles wherever necessary.
- •IX. Compare the English and the Russian sample letters. Discuss the ques-
- •XI. Read and act out the flashes of conversation using the substitutions for the phrases in italics.
- •XII.Translate into English.
- •XIII. Act out the situations.
- •1. Subject of the Contract
- •2. Prices and Total Amount of the Contract
- •3. Delivery Dates
- •4. Terms of Payment
- •XVI. Read these sample letters for different occasions. Make use of the phrases in bold type. A. Business Letters
- •1. The Letterhead
- •2. The Date
- •3. Inside Name and Address
- •4. The Salutation
- •5. The Message
- •6. The Signature
- •2. Discussing the time limits
- •3. Discussing the cost of the design work
- •6. This does sound very attractive.
- •Exercises
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •III. Find English equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •To carry out
- •To inform smb (of smth, that...)
- •20Th November, 20...
- •XI. Study these translation difficulties. Translate into English.
- •2. Discussing the advance payment
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Make use of the phrases on pages 45-46.
- •XV. Act out these situations. Use the speech patterns on page 46.
- •XVI. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •I. Структура делового письма
- •Para 1. Subject of the Contract
- •Para 3. Dates
- •Para 5. Price
- •Para 6. Terms of Payment
- •Para 7. Miscellaneous
- •Article 3. Schedule of Delivery
- •Article 4. Contract Price
- •Article 6. Terms of Payment
- •Article 6. Other Terms
- •Cost of the equipment
- •Arranging for deliveries
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer these questions.
- •VI. Practice these words and word combinations.
- •To be responsible for
- •To bring up; to clarify
- •To cover
- •To look into the matter
- •1. Discussing the guarantee period
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Make use of the writ ten patterns on pages 85-86.
- •XV. Act out these situations. Use the speech patterns on pages 86-87.
- •XVI. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •1. Subject of the Contract
- •2. Price
- •3. Terms of Delivery
- •8. Alterations and Amendments
- •5. Shipping Documents
- •6. Guarantees
- •7. Terms of Payment
- •Vocational Training of the Customers' (Buyers') Trainees
- •Vocabulary list
- •Speech patterns
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Insure V
- •Information help
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •To reimburse; reimbursement
- •To provide for; to provide with
- •VII. Compare the style of these phrases.
- •IX. Fill in prepositions wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •3. 9Th April, 20...
- •XIV. Write letters based on the following situations. Use the written pat terns on p. 123.
- •XV. Write letters to customers on the basis of the situations given below.
- •XVI. Make up dialogues based on the following situations. Use the speech patterns on p. 12, 86-87,124.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •Para 10
- •Para 11
- •Para 12
- •Article 2
- •Article 3
- •Article 5
- •Article 6
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations.
- •To tackle
- •To come to terms
- •To count on smb or smth
- •VIII. Fill in articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •XIII. Read the dialogue, sum up the contents and act It out.
- •XV. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •1. Agency agreement
- •Para 4
- •Para 5
- •Para 6
- •1.13 Acceptance of Offers
- •Discussing general questions
- •The contract price
- •The licensor's fee
- •Vocabulary list
- •Initial quotation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •2. Поддерживать, продолжать, не бросать
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations. To build up
- •Technique(s)
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •2. September 25, 20...
- •2. The sale of the licensed product
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVII. Act out the situations.
- •2. The unido proforma licence agreement Article 1 Some Definitions
- •Article 3 Obligations of the Licensor
- •Article 7 Patent Infringement
- •Article 4 Obligations of the Licensee
- •Written patterns
- •Vocabulary list
- •Interest rate
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations. To undertake the responsibility
- •To infringe; infringement
- •In compliance with; to comply with a) Paraphrase these sentences.
- •I») Translate into English.
- •To bear the cost
- •To bear smth in mind
- •VII. Compare the style of these phrases.
- •IX. Fill in the articles or possessive pronouns wherever necessary. Discuss the letter.
- •X. Read these letters and do the assignments given below each of them.
- •2. Discussing engagement of a new sub-contractor
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •2.2. Contractor to Inform Himself Fully
- •2.5. Mistakes in Drawings
- •2.7. Assignment and Subletting
- •2.9. Manner of Execution
- •2.10. Contractor's Equipment
- •2.11. Lighting and Guarding
- •2.12. Electricity, Water, and Other Services
- •2.13. Labour and Staff
- •2.15. Sanitary Measures
- •2.16. Site Services
- •Unit 8 turn-key construction
- •Discussing terms of payment
- •Vocabulary list
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •II. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •III. Give English equivalents to the following phrases from the texts.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words. To remind; reminder
- •To rent; rent
- •Unit 9
- •22Nd October 20...
- •Vocabulary list
- •The first consignment would be despatched ...
- •Prices as quoted are f.O.B. ... Port
- •Five days before your vessel's arrival
- •Install V
- •Inland transportation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer these questions.
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words.
- •To avoid smth; doing smth
- •To install; installation
- •To ensure
- •VIII. Fill in prepositions or adverbs wherever necessary. Discuss the let ter.
- •XIV. Read the reference material, make use of the information in exercises XV and XVI wherever possible.
- •Incoterms
- •XV. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •XVI. Act out these situations.
- •XVII. Read the following excerpts from the documents you may come across in your business activity.
- •Para 2 Price and Total Cost of Contract
- •Para 3 Time of Delivery
- •Vocabulary list
- •Voting procedure
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer these questions.
- •Voting procedure
- •To tender for
- •3. November 9,20...
- •XI. Express the contents of the above letters in telexes.
- •XII. Study these translation difficulties. Translate into English.
- •1. Discussing submission of the tender and bank guarantee
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVII. Act out these situations.
- •Article 3 — Duration
- •Article 6 — Project Manager's Fee
- •Article 7 — Comprehensive Tender
- •Article 8 — Contract Negotiations
- •Article 10 — Division of the Work
- •Article 14 — Programme of Work
- •Article 15 — Confidentiality
- •Article 18 — Sub-Contracting
- •Unit 11 claims and complaints
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary list
- •In one's presence
- •In transit
- •Exercises
- •IV. Single out the main points of the texts.
- •V. Sum up the contents of the dialogues.
- •VI. Practise these words and word combinations.
- •XIV. Study the translation difficulties. Translate Into English.
- •XV. Give extensive answers to these questions.
- •XVI. Write letters based on the following situations.
- •Insure [in'jus] V страховать
Para 4
The Agent shall not, without preliminary commission of the Principal in writing, enter upon any agreements or sign documents, which may give rise to new obligations on the part of the Principal or change the obligations already existing.
Para 5
1) As full compensation for the total volume of services rendered the Principal shall pay the commission to the Agent for all direct and indirect transactions, being concluded with the Agent's assistance.
The commission shall be paid to the Agent in the currency received from the Customer against signed Contracts within 30 days after the Principal gets payments from the Customer for the relevant services.
The Principal shall remit the above-mentioned sums of the commission through the Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs of Russia to the Agent's account with the ... Bank, ... .
The commission covers all the expenses incurred by the Agent in connection with the implementation hereof.
Para 6
Should the Agent fail to fulfil the obligations stipulated by the present Agreement, the Principal reserves the right to negotiate with the interested persons in a direct manner. In this case the Agent will have no right to a commission.
Should any differences or disputes connected with the present Agreement arise between the Principal and the Agent, the Parties will strive to reach friendly settlement of them.
Should such friendly settlement appear impossible and the Parties fail to reach an agreement within 15 days in the manner of arrangement, the disputes will be submitted for the consideration of parity commission composed of 4 persons, 2 persons from each party. This parity commission will be set up within 10 days from the date of a written request from one of the parties hereto.
Should the parity commission fail to settle the dispute within 15 days from the date of its establishment, or if one Party fails to appoint its representatives to the parity commission within the 10 days mentioned above,
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187
the dispute will be at the written request of one of the Parties submitted for
the consideration of the Arbitration Court of the ... Trade Chamber the
decisions of which will be final, liable to no protest or appeal and will be obligatory for both Parties.
Para 7
Should the Agent fail to fulfil the obligations stipulated by the present Agreement, the Principal reserves the right to terminate or postpone the payment of the commission stipulated in Paragraph 5.
Para 8
The present Agreement is of a private nature and the Agent is not entitled to transfer his rights and obligations under this Agreement to a third person.
Para 9
In case the Contract between the Principal and the Agent is not signed due to the circumstances which are beyond the control of the Parties, the Principal and the Agent will not have any mutual claims arising out of the present Agreement.
Para 10
The present Agreement comes into force from the date of its signing and shall be valid for the whole validity period of Contracts for rendering technical assistance to the Customer in the construction of any Power Plant, Hydraulic Station, Transmission Line, Sub Station, Diesel and Gas Plant, etc., on the territory of... , concluded with the Agent acting as an intermediary.
The present Agreement was signed in ... on March ... , 20... in two copies in English.
Legal Addresses of the Parties:
Principal ... Agent...
commission v зд. поручать, упол-
номачивать Syn. entrust intermediary n посредник
intermediate а посреднический to clear a cargo through the
customs проводить таможенную
чистку груза
implementation п применение, query I'kwian] п вопрос
реализация strive v стремиться
at smb's disposal в чье-л. распоря- parity commission паритетная жение комиссия
лины
dues [dju.zj п сборы, налоги, пош- obligatory а обязательный
nTiirif
terminate v прекращать
2. INVITATION ТО TENDER AND TENDERING CONDITIONS
1.0 Invitation
1.1 For and on behalf of the President of..., the Department of... invites tenders in Duplicate for supply of plant/ machinery/equipment/ materials as detailed in Part III to this tender document. The condi tions of contract are as contained in form No. ... which is Part II of this tender document. If you are in a position to quote for supply in accordance with the requirements indicated in Part III to this tender document, please submit your offer in the prescribed tender Form No. ... attached.
1.2 Language of Offers
1.2.1 All tenders shall be made in English in the prescribed form attached. Tenders submitted in any language other than English must be accompanied by English translation.
1.3 Validity of Offers
1.3.1 Offers made shall remain open for acceptance for 120 days from the last date specified for receipt of offers.
1.4 Alternative Offers
If any departure or substitution from the particular specification contained in Part III to this tender document is involved, this should be clearly indicated in the tender form and should be added as Annexure "A" thereto.
Offers with alternative equivalent specifications made should contain sufficient details to show that the alternatives will equally serve the purpose.
All necessary catalogues/drawings/technical literature/ data considered essential for full and correct evaluation of the offers made shall invariably accompany the offers.
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189
1.5 Terms and Conditions of Contract
1.5.1 It must be clearly understood that any offer shall be governed by the General Conditions of Contract as contained in Form No.... Part II of this tender document. Particular care must, therefore, be taken to go through these General Conditions of Contract and in exceptional cases, if any deviations are proposed, these must be clearly stated in the tender and incorporated as Annexure "B" to the tender form.
1.6 Price
Prices quoted must be firm. In exceptional cases if prices are quoted subject to variation, the variation shall be on the basis of a standard "Price Variation Formula". The basis for calculation shall be very clearly stated. Variation limited to a specific ceiling will be preferred.
Prices quoted shall be in the currency of the country of origin and the offers linking the quoted currency with some other currency are liable to be ignored.
Prices quoted must be on the following basis:
F.O.B. Port of shipment (i.e. Free on Board the Vessel at the nearest Port of shipment — packing, inland freight, charges towards loading the consignments on to the vessel, documentation, etc. included). Name of the Port (Sea/Air) proposed for shipment shall be clearly indicated;
С & F ... Port (all inclusive cost except insurance — i.e. cost of goods, packing, inland freight, Pre-paid ocean freight, documentation, etc.).
1.6.4 Agency Commission
1.6.4.1 Commission payable to the tenderer's Agents in ... , if any, shall be included in the price. Name and address of the Agents and the percentage of commission payable to them and included in the price shall be clearly indicated. The commission will be paid directly to the ... Agents.
1.7 Spares and Accessories
1.7.1 Offers for plant/machinery/equipment/instrument shall also state prices for essential accessories, optional accessories and spares necessary for satisfactory operation of the plant/machinery/equipment/instrument:
for a period of two years, and
for a period of five years.
1.7.2 Prices for accessories and spares shall be itemized. Particular care must be taken to list out each item of spare and quantity recommended and also the individual price for these items.
1.8 Quantity
1.8.1 The Purchaser reserves the right to accept or reject any offer in whole or in part without assigning any reasons. It would, therefore, be in the interest of the tenderers to clearly understand that the Purchaser may accept offers for any quantity offered of his choice and hence, the percentage of reduction, if any, in the price quoted in case of acceptance of tender in whole shall be clearly stated.
1.9 Erection and Commissioning
1.9.1 Tenderers must clearly and separately furnish in their offers the terms for supervision of erection and commissioning particularly in respect of plant/machinery/equipment/instrument.
1.10 Mode of Submission of Tenders
Tenders received after the last date fixed for its receipt may not be considered and it will, therefore, be in the interest of the tenderers to ensure that the tenders are mailed well in time. It will be open to the tenderers to send their offers by Cable/Fax to ensure its receipt by the due date. Detailed offer in the prescribed tender form must, however, be mailed latest within seven days from the date of Cable/Fax offer.
Tenders shall be enclosed in an envelope duly superscribed with Tender Number and the last date for receipt of the same; thus: — TENDER NO LAST DATE FOR RECEIPT
1.11 Status of Individual Signing the Offer
1.11.1 Individuals signing the tender form and other connected documents must specify the capacity in which they sign.
1.12 Authority of Agents
1.12.1 If a tender is submitted by an ... Agent on behalf of his foreign principal, such tender should be supported with a Letter of Authority from the principal that the ... Agent has been authorized to submit the tender on behalf of the principal. Tenders not accompanied by such a Letter of Authority are liable to be ignored. However, acceptance of offer will be communicated only to the foreign principals directly.
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