Unit 2 Sale of Goods

Useful Vocabulary

commercial transaction коммерческая сделка

seller (=vendor) продавец

buyer (purchaser, vendee) покупатель

object предмет

to transfer to передавать

in return for в обмен на

purchase price покупная цена

transfer of goods передача товара

movable/immovable goods движимый и недвижимый товар

tangible/intangible goods вещественный и невещественный товар

lease аренда

barter бартер

(collateral) security (имущественное) обеспечение

to part with избавиться

parting with rights потеря прав

legal parlance юридический язык

transfer of ownership передача прав на собственность

essence сущность

to deliver the goods доставлять товар

to warrant гарантировать

to conform with/to соответствовать

specification спецификация

to agree upon договариваться о чем-то

legal system система законодательства

to sue for подавать в суд

merchandise товар

damages возмещение ущерба

remedy средства защиты права

substitute замена

specific performance исполнение в натуре, реальное исполнение (договор)

nonperforming seller продавец, не выполняющий обязательства

measure of damages величина возмещения ущерба

contract price цена контракта

substituted purchase замещенная покупка

delayed delivery задержанная поставка

to grant a period of time предоставлять период времени

reasonable достаточный

unambiguous однозначный

to refuse acceptance отказываться от приема

period of grace период отсрочки

full legal rights неограниченные права

sanctions санкции

unrestricted ownership неограниченная собственность

quiet possession «спокойное владение»

enjoyment использование

defective goods некачественный товар

unfit неподходящий, непригодный

conforming goods соответствующий товар

generic goods товар общего пользования

specific goods конкретный товар

contractual agreement контракт, договор

obligations of buyer обязательства покупателя

acceptance of delivery прием поставки

be responsible for отвечать за что-то

to excuse oneself (from) освобождаться от чего-то

to invoke взывать, просить

financial straits финансовые трудности

exchange restrictions встречные ограничения

obstacle to performance препятствие к выполнению обязательств

to enforce a claim взыскать иск

to refuse to take delivery отказаться от поставки

steel plates стальные листы

free on board vessel франко судно

passage of risk передача риска

conclusion of contract заключение контракта

to conclude a contract заключить контракт

time of delivery время поставки

to perform one’s duties выполнять обязательства

expressly определенно, четко

impliedly косвенно, вытекающий из обязательств

contract контракт, соглашение

hereinafter referred to as … в дальнейшем именуемый…

in the person of в лице

a contracting party участвующая сторона

to conclude a contract заключить контракт

subject of the contract предмет контракта

blend crude oil экспортная смесь нефти

via по, через

terminal терминал

refinery нефтеперерабатывающий завод

to subject предоставить

delivery поставка товара

acceptance прием товара

to pass on передавать товар

under contract в соответствии с контрактом

payment платеж

enclosure, appendix, addendum приложение

receipt получение

delay of payment задержка платежа

in conformity в соответствии

to entitle обязывать

article статья

to submit a quality claim представить иск по качеству

date of delivery дата поставки

force majeure форс мажор

circumstances обстоятельства

to effect a payment осуществлять платеж

to reject to receive goods отказаться от получения товара

to relate иметь отношение

to arise возникать

beyond control вне контроля

dispute спор

differences разногласия

amendment поправка

valid имеющий действие

legal address юридический адрес

to settle решать, урегулировать

in the amount на сумму

provisions положения (документа)

joint venture agreement договор о совместном предприятии

a letter of intent гарантийное письмо (о совершении заявленной покупки), предварительный заказ (протокол о намерении произвести покупку)

consular invoice счет-фактура

import license лицензия на ввоз

delivery note транспортная накладная

customs declaration form бланк таможенной декларации

airway bill счет-фактура для перевозки воздушным путем

commercial invoice коммерческий счет-фактура

memorandum of understanding меморандум о договоренности

statement отчет, смета

Incoterms, International commerce terms инкотермс, международные коммерческие условия

Group E Departure Группа E - место отправки

EXW. Ex Works франко-предприятие: товар со склада продавца

Group F Main Carriage Unpaid Группа F - основная перевозка не оплачена

FCA. Free Carrier франко-перевозчик: товар доставляется перевозчику заказчика

FAS. Free Alongside Ship свободен у борта судна: товар доставляется к судну заказчика

FOB. Free On Board свободен на борту: товар загружается на судно заказчика

Group С Main Carriage Paid Группа C - основная перевозка оплачена

CPT. Carriage Paid To фрахт оплачен до: товар доставляется перевозчику заказчика в указанном порту

CIP. Carriage and Insurance Paid Тo фрахт и страхование оплачены до: товар страхуется и доставляется перевозчику заказчика в указанном порту

CFR. Cost and Freight стоимость и фрахт: товар доставляется до порта заказчика (без выгрузки)

CIF. Cost, Insurance and Freight стоимость, страхование и фрахт: товар страхуется и доставляется до порта заказчика (без выгрузки)

Group D Arrival Группа Д - доставка

DAT Delivered at Terminal доставка на терминал

DAP Delivered at Place доставка до указанного места назначения

DDP Delivered Duty Paid поставка с уплатой пошлины

DAF. Delivered At Frontier поставка франко-граница

DES. Delivered Ex Ship поставка франко-судно

DEQ. Delivered Ex Quay поставка франко-причал

DDU. Delivered Duty Unpaid поставка без уплаты пошлины

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General

The sale is the most common commercial transaction. All the rights that the seller has in a specific object are transferred to the buyer in return for the latter's paying the purchase price to the seller. The objects that may thus be transferred may be movable or immovable and tangible or intangible.

Not all transfers of goods to another person for any purpose whatsoever constitute a sale. Goods may be transferred for use only (lease) or in exchange for another good (barter). They may also be transferred as security. A sale is involved only if the seller intends to part with the object completely and to receive instead a sum of money as the price.

The seller's complete parting with all his rights in the object sold means in legal parlance, transfer of ownership to the buyer. One may say that the transfer of ownership for a price is the essence of a sale.

The seller's duties are three: he has to deliver the goods, to transfer ownership in them, and to warrant their conformity to the specifications of the contract.

Delivery of the goods sold to the buyer must be at the time and place and in the manner agreed upon by the parties. Nondelivery is sanctioned by the various legal systems in three different ways.

Anglo-American law does not, in general, permit the buyer to sue for delivery of the merchandise but requires him to buy elsewhere and to demand damages from the original seller. Only if damages are an inadequate remedy because the buyer cannot obtain substitute goods in the market is the buyer entitled to specific performance.

On the European continent, by contrast, a buyer must always demand delivery. Merchants do not usually go to the trouble of suing for delivery, however, but act voluntarily: they buy the same or similar goods in the market and then sue the nonperforming seller for damages. The measure of damages is usually the difference between the original contract price and the market price at the time of the substituted purchase.

Delayed delivery

Various countries differ considerably in the treatment of delayed delivery. In Germany, the buyer has to grant the seller a reasonable period of time and declare unambiguously that he will refuse acceptance thereafter. Anglo-American law does not protect the seller with such a period of grace.

Delivery must be accompanied by transfer of ownership in order to enable the buyer to enjoy full legal rights over the objects sold. The sanctions available to the buyer who does not obtain unrestricted ownership vary from country to country.

In most countries the seller's obligation is limited to warran­ting "quiet possession"; that is, guaranteeing enjoyment of the goods undisturbed by claims of third parties.

Remedies for defective goods

Goods sold must conform to the specifications of the contract as to their kind, quality, and quantity. The quality of the goods is generally considered defective if they are unfit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used or unfit for the buyer's special purpose. One remedy open to the buyer may be to demand delivery of conforming goods, but this right is usually limited to generic goods. Remedies for defective goods are often widely modified by contractual agreement between the parties.

Obligations of the buyer

The buyer's main duties are simple: payment of the purchase price and acceptance of delivery. The buyer is strictly responsible for payment of the agreed price and cannot excuse himself by invoking his financial straits. Only war, exchange restrictions, and other unforseeable and unavoidable obstacles to performance may, under certain circumstances, excuse the buyer from his duty to pay.

Just as the buyer is often unable to secure specific performance of the seller's duty to deliver, so the seller is not always able to enforce his claim for acceptance of delivery against a buyer who refuses to take delivery.

The buyer's obligation to take delivery of the goods depends on the precise agreement of the parties: if steel plates, for example, have been sold "free on board vessel," the seller has to load the plates on board the vessel named by the buyer. If the latter does not name a ship, the seller cannot perform his duty of delivery.

Various countries differ widely in determining when risk for lost or damaged goods passes to the buyer. In several countries risk passes at the conclusion of the contract to sell; in others, notably France and England, risk is tied to the transfer of ownership in the goods; in Germany, risk passes at the time of delivery; and in the United States, risk passes when the seller has essentially performed his duties.

In all countries, the parties may, expressly or impliedly, agree otherwise.

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