Библиографический список

Плотность

HCl

%

HNO₃

%

H₂SO₄

%

Плотность

HCl

%

HNO₃

%

H₂SO₄

%

1.000

0.36

0.33

0.26

1.180

36.23

30.00

25.21

1.005

1.36

1.26

0.99

1.185

37.27

30.74

25.84

1.010

2.36

2.16

1.73

1.190

38.32

31.47

26.47

1.015

3.37

3.07

2.49

1.195

39.37

32.21

27.10

1.020

4.39

3.98

3.24

1.200

32.94

27.72

1.025

5.41

4.88

4.00

1.205

33.68

28.33

1.030

6.43

5.78

4.74

1.210

34.41

28.95

1.035

7.46

6.66

5.49

1.215

35.16

29.57

1.040

8.49

7.53

6.24

1.220

35.93

30.18

1.045

9.51

8.40

6.96

1.225

36.70

30.79

1.050

10.52

9.26

7.70

1.230

37.48

31.40

1.055

11.52

10.12

8.42

1.235

38.25

32.01

1.060

12.51

10.97

9.13

1.240

39.02

32.61

1.065

13.50

11.81

9.84

1.245

39.80

33.22

1.070

14.50

12.65

10.56

1.250

40.58

33.82

1.075

15.49

13.48

11.26

1.255

41.36

34.42

1.080

16.47

14.31

11.96

1.260

42.14

35.01

1.085

17.45

15.13

12.06

1.265

42.92

35.60

1.090

18.43

15.95

13.36

1.270

43.70

36.19

1.095

19.41

16.76

14.04

1.275

44.80

36.78

1.100

20.39

17.58

14.73

1.280

45.27

37.36

1.105

21.36

18.39

15.41

1.285

46.06

37.95

1.110

22.33

19.19

16.08

1.290

46.85

38.53

1.115

23.29

20.00

16.76

1.295

47.63

39.10

1.120

24.25

20.79

17.43

1.300

48.42

39.68

1.125

25.22

21.59

18.09

1.305

49.21

40.25

1.130

26.20

22.38

18.76

1.310

50.00

40.82

1.135

27.18

23.16

19.42

1.315

50.85

41.39

1.140

28.18

23.94

20.08

1.320

51.71

41.95

1.145

29.17

24.71

20.73

1.325

52.56

42.51

1.150

30.14

25.48

21.38

1.330

53.41

43.07

1.155

31.14

26.24

22.03

1.335

54.27

43.62

1.160

32.14

27.00

22.67

1.340

55.13

44.17

1.165

33.16

27.76

23.31

1.345

56.04

44.72

1.170

34.18

28.51

23.95

1.350

56.95

45.26

1.175

35.20

29.25

24.58

1.355

57.87

45.80

Плотность

HNO₃

%

H₂SO₄

%

Плотность

H₂SO₄

%

Плотность

H₂SO₄

%77.20

1.360

58.78

46.33

1.550

64.71

1.740

81.16

1.365

59.69

46.86

1.555

65.15

1.745

81.62

1.370

60.67

47.39

1.560

65.59

1.750

82.09

1.375

61.69

47.92

1.565

66.03

1.755

82.57

1.380

62.70

48.45

1.570

66.47

1.760

83.06

1.385

63.72

48.97

1.575

66.91

1.765

83.57

1.390

64.74

49.48

1.580

67.35

1.770

84.08

1.395

65.84

49.99

1.585

67.79

1.775

84.61

1.400

66.97

50.50

1.590

68.23

1.780

85.16

1.405

68.10

51.01

1.595

68.66

1.785

85.74

1.410

69.23

51.52

1.600

69.09

1.790

86.35

1.415

70.39

52.02

1.605

69.53

1.795

86.99

1.420

71.63

52.51

1.610

69.96

1.800

87.69

1.425

72.86

53.01

1.615

70.39

1.805

88.43

1.430

74.09

53.50

1.620

7082

1.810

89.23

1.435

75.35

54.00

1.625

71.25

1.815

90.12

1.440

76.71

54.49

1.630

71.67

1.820

91.11

1.445

78.07

54.97

1.635

72.09

1.825

92.25

1.450

79.43

55.45

1.640

72.52

1.826

92.51

1.455

80.88

55.93

1.645

72.95

1.827

92.77

1.460

82.39

56.41

1.650

73.37

1.828

93.03

1.465

83.91

56.89

1.655

73.80

1.829

93.33

1.470

85.50

57.36

1.660

74.22

1.830

93.64

1.475

87.29

57.84

1.665

74.64

1.831

93.94

1.480

89.07

58.31

1.670

75.07

1.832

94.32

1.485

91.13

58.78

1.675

75.49

1.833

94.72

1.490

93.49

59.24

1.680

75.92

1.834

95.12

1.495

95.46

59.70

1.685

76.34

1.835

95.72

1.500

96.73

60.17

1.690

76.77

1.505

97.99

60.62

1.695

77.20

1.510

99.26

61.08

1.700

77.63

1.515

61.54

1.705

78.06

1.520

62.00

1.710

78.49

1.525

62.45

1.715

78.93

1.530

62.91

1.720

79.37

1.535

63.36

1.725

79.81

1.540

63.81

1.730

80.25

1.545

64.26

1.735

80.70

Плот– ность

KOH,%

NaOH,%

Плот–ность

KOH,%

NaOH,%

1.000

0.197

0.159

1.270

28.29

24.645

1.010

1.295

1.045

1.280

29.25

25.56

1.020

2.38

1.94

1.290

30.21

26.48

1.030

3.48

2.84

1.300

31.15

27.41

1.040

4.58

3.745

1.310

32.09

28.33

1.050

5.66

4.655

1.320

33.03

29.26

1.060

6.74

5.56

1.330

33.97

30.20

1.070

7.82

6.47

1.340

34.90

31.14

1.080

8.89

7.37

1.350

35.82

32.10

1.090

9.96

6.28

1.360

36.735

33.06

1.100

11.03

9.19

1.370

37.65

34.03

1.110

12.08

10.10

1.380

38.56

35.01

1.120

13.14

11.01

1.390

39.46

36.00

1.130

14.19

11.92

1.400

40.37

36.99

1.140

15.22

12.83

1.410

41.26

37.99

1.150

16.26

13.73

1.420

42.158

38.99

1.160

17.29

14.64

1.430

43.04

40.00

1.170

18.32

15.54

1.440

43.92

41.03

1.180

19.35

16.44

1.450

44.79

42.07

1.190

20.37

17.345

1.460

45.66

43.12

1.200

21.38

16.255

1.470

46.53

44.17

1.210

22.38

19.16

1.480

47.39

45.22

1.220

23.38

20.07

1.490

48.25

46.27

1.230

24.37

20.98

1.500

49.10

47.33

1.240

25.36

21.90

1.510

49.95

48.38

1.250

26.34

22.82

1.520

50.80

49.44

1.260

27.32

23.73

1.530

51.64

50.50

Концентрация,

%

ВаCl₂

Концентрация,

%

ВаCl₂

2

1,016

12

1,113

4

1,034

14

1,134

6

1,053

16

1,156

8

1,072

18

1,179

10

1,092

20

1,203

Плотность

NH₃,%

Плотность

NH₃,%

Плотность

NH₃,%

0.998

0.46

0.958

9.87

0.918

21.50

0.996

0.512

0.9506

10.405

0.916

22.125

0.994

0.977

0.954

10.95

0.914

22.75

0.992

1.43

0.952

11.49

0.912

23.39

0.990

1.89

0.950

12.03

0.910

24.03

0.988

2.35

0.948

12.58

0.908

24.68

0.986

2.82

0.946

13.14

0.906

25.33

0.984

3.30

0.944

13.71

0.904

26.00

0.982

3.78

0.942

14.29

0.902

26.67

0.980

4.27

0.940

14.88

0.900

27.33

0.978

4.76

0.938

15.47

0.898

28.00

0.976

5.25

0.936

16.06

0.896

28.67

0.974

5.75

0.934

16.65

0.894

29.33

0.972

6.25

0.932

17.24

0.892

30.00

0.970

6.75

0.930

17.85

0.890

30.685

0.968

7.26

0.928

18.45

0.888

31.37

0.966

7.76

0.926

19.06

0.886

32.09

0.964

8.29

0.924

19.67

0.884

32.84

0.962

8.82

0.922

20.27

0.882

33.595

0.960

9.34

0.920

20.88

0.880

34.35

Плотность

Na₂CO₃,%

Плотность

Na₂CO₃,%

Плотность

Na₂CO₃,%

1.000

0.19

1.065

6.43

1.130

12.52

1.005

0.67

1.070

6.90

1.135

13.00

1.010

1.14

1.075

7.38

1.140

13.45

1.015

1.62

1.080

7.85

1.145

13.90

1.020

2.10

1.085

8.33

1.150

14.35

1.025

2.57

1.090

8.80

1.155

14.75

1.030

3.05

1.095

9.27

1.160

15.20

1.035

3.54

1.100

9.75

1.165

15.60

1.040

4.03

1.105

10.22

1.170

16.03

1.045

4.50

1.110

10.68

1.175

16.45

1.050

4.98

1.115

11.14

1.180

16.87

1.055

5.47

1.120

11.60

1.185

17.30

1.060

5.95

1.125

12.05

1.190

17.70

Концентрация,

%

KCl

NaCl

Концентрация,

%

KCl

NaCl

1

1.004

1.005

10

1.063

1.071

2

1.011

1.012

12

1.077

1.086

3

1.017

1.020

14

1.090

1.101

4

1.024

1.027

16

1.104

1.116

5

1.030

1.034

18

1.118

1.132

6

1.037

1.041

20

1.133

1.148

7

1.043

1.049

22

1.147

1.164

8

1.050

1.056

24

1.162

1.180

9

1.057

1.063

26

1.197

Название

Формула

К_кисл

рК_кисл

Кислоты

Азотистая

HNO₂

4∙10^-4

4.59

Борная (орто-) К₁

H₃BO₃

5.8∙10^-10

9.24

Бромноватистая кислота

HOBr

2,1∙10^-9

8,68

Водорода пероксид

Н₂О₂

2,6∙10^-12

11,58

Ванадиевая(орто-) К₁

H₂VO₄

2.5∙10^-9

8.60

К₂

1.1∙10^-9

8.95

Вольфрамовая

H₂WO₄

4.0∙10^-15

14.4

Двухромовая К₂

H₂Cr₂O₇

6.3∙10^-5

4.2

Иодноватистая

HIO

2.3∙10^-2

1.64

Кремниевая (орто-) К₁

H₂SiO₃

2.2∙10^-10

9.66

К₂

1.6∙10^-12

11.8

Муравьиная

HCOOH

1.8∙10^-4

3.75

Селенистая К₁

H₂SeO₃

3.5∙10^-3

2,46

К₂

5∙10^-8

7.3

Селеноводород К₁

H₂Se

1,7∙ 10^-4

3,77

К₂

1∙10^-11

11.0

Сернистая К₁

H₂SO₃

1.6∙10^-2

1.80

К₂

6.3∙10^-8

7.21

Сероводородная К₁

H₂S

6∙10^-8

7.22

К₂

1∙10^-14

14

Синильная

HCN

7.9∙10^-10

9.10

Угольная К₁

Н₂СО₃

4.5∙10^-7

6.35

К₂

4.7∙10^-11

10.33

Уксусная

CH₃COOH

1.8∙10^-5

4.75

Фосфорная (орто-) К₁

H₃PO₄

7.5∙10^-3

2.12

К₂

6.3∙10^-8

7.20

К₃

1.3∙10^-12

11.89

Фтороводородная

HF

6.6∙10^-4

3.18

Хлорноватистая

HClO

5.0∙10^-8

7.30

Щавелевая К₁

К₂

H₂C₂O₄

5.6∙10^-2

5.4∙10^-5

1.25

4.27

Основания

Аммония гидроксид

NH₄OН

1.76∙10^-5

4.755

Бария гидроксид К₂

Ba(OH)₂

2.3∙10^-1

0.64

Кальция гидроксид К₂

Ca(OH)₂

4.0∙10^-2

1.40

Лития гидроксид К₁

LiOH

6.8∙10^-1

0.17

Свинца гидроксид К₁

Pb(OH)₂

9.55∙10^-4

3.02

К₂

3.0∙10^-8

7.52

Окисленная

форма

Число принятых электронов

Восстановленная

форма

Е^о, В

1

2

3

4

Li⁺

1

Li

-3.045

Rb⁺

1

Rb

-2.925

K⁺

1

K

-2.925

Cs⁺

1

Cs

-2.923

Ba²⁺

2

Ba

-2.900

Sr²⁺

2

Sr

-2.890

Ca²⁺

2

Ca

-2.870

Na²⁺

1

Na

-2.714

La³⁺

3

La

-2.522

Mg²⁺

2

Mg

-2.370

AlO^-₂+2H₂O

3

Al+4OH^-

-2.350

Be²⁺

2

Be

-1.847

Al³⁺

3

Al

-1.662

Zn+2H₂O

2

Zn+4OH^-

-1.216

1

2

3

4

Mn²⁺

2

Mn

-1.180

SO₄^2-+2H₂O

2

SO₃^2-+ 2OH^-

-0.930

2H₂O

2

H₂ + 2OH^-

-0.828

Zn ²⁺

2

Zn

-0.763

Cr ³⁺

3

Cr

-0.744

Fe ²⁺

2

Fe

-0.440

2H ⁺

2

H₂

-0.414

Cd ²⁺

2

Cd

-0.403

Ti ³⁺

1

Ti ²⁺

-0.370

PbSO₄

2

Pb + SO₄^2-

-0.356

In ³⁺

3

In

-0.343

Tl ⁺

1

Tl

-0.336

Co ²⁺

2

Co

-0.277

Ni ²⁺

2

Ni

-0.250

Sn ²⁺

2

Sn

-0.136

CrO₄^2-+4H₂O

3

Cr(OH)₃+ 5OH^-

-0.130

Pb²⁺

2

Pb

-0.126

Fe³⁺

3

Fe

-0.036

2H⁺

2

H₂

0.000

NO₃^-+H₂O

2

NO₂^-+ 2OH^-

+0.010

S+ 2H⁺

2

H₂S

+0.141

Sn⁴⁺

2

Sn²⁺

+0.150

Cu²⁺

1

Cu⁺

+0.153

SO₄^2- + 4H⁺

2

H₂SO₃+ H₂O

+0.170

AgCl

1

Ag + Cl^-

+0.222

2SO₄^2- + 10H⁺

8

S₂O₃^2- + 5H₂O

+0.290

ClO₃^- + H₂O

2

ClO₄^2- + 2OH^-

+0.330

Cu²⁺

2

Cu

+0.337

[Fe(CN)₆]^3-

1

[Fe(CN)₆]^4-

+0.360

SO₄^2- + 8H⁺

6

S + 4H₂O

+0.360

ClO₃^- + H₂O

2

ClO₂^- + 2OH^-

+0.360

O₂ + 2H₂O

4

4OH^-

+0.401

H₂SO₃ + 4H⁺

4

S + 3H₂O

+0.450

Cu⁺

1

Cu

+0.521

I₂

2

2I^-

+0.536

H₃AsO₄ + 2H⁺

2

HAsO₂ + 2H₂O

+0.559

MnO₃^2-

1

MnO₄^2-

+0.564

Sb₂O₅ + 6H⁺

4

2SbO⁺ + 3H₂O

+0.58

MnO₄^- + 2H₂O

3

MnO₂ + 4OH^-

+0.588

MnO₄^2- + 2H₂O

2

MnO₂ + 4OH^-

+0.600

ClO₂^-+ H₂O

2

ClO^- + 2OH^-

+0.660

1

2

3

4

O₂ + 2H⁺

2

H₂O₂

+0.682

BrO^- + H₂O

2

Br^- + 2OH^-

+0.760

Fe³⁺

1

Fe²⁺

+0.771

NO₃^- + 2H⁺

1

NO₂ + H₂O

+0.790

Hg₂ ²⁺

2

2Hg

+0.798

Ag⁺

1

Ag

+0.799

O₂ + 4H⁺

4

2H₂O

+0.815

Hg ²⁺

2

Hg

+0.854

ClO^- + H₂O

2

Cl^- + 2OH^-

+0.890

NO₃^- + 3H⁺

2

HNO₂ + H₂O

+0.940

NO₃^- + 4H⁺

3

NO + 2H₂O

+0.960

HNO₂ + H⁺

1

NO + H₂O

+1.000

Br₂

2

2Br^-

+1.065

IO₃^- + 6H⁺

6

I ^-+ 3H₂O

+1.090

2IO₃^- + 12H⁺

10

I₂ + 6H₂O

+1.195

ClO₃^- + 2 H⁺

2

ClO₃^- + Br^-

+1.190

MnO₂ + 4H⁺

2

Mn²⁺ +2 H₂O

+1.230

Tl ³⁺

3

Tl

+1.250

HBrO + H⁺

2

Br ^- + H₂O

+1.330

Cr₂O₇^2- + 14 H⁺

6

2Cr ³⁺ +7 H₂O

+1.330

Cl₂

2

2 Cl^-

+1.359

BrO₃^- + 6H⁺

6

Br^- + 3H₂O

+1.440

ClO₃^- + 6 H⁺

6

Cl^- + 3 H₂O

+1.450

PbO₂ + 4H⁺

2

Pb²⁺+2 H₂O

+1.456

2ClO₃^- + 12H⁺

10

Cl₂+6 H₂O

+1.470

Au³⁺

3

Au

+1.500

MnO₄^- +8H⁺

5

Mn²⁺ + 4 H₂O

+1.510

2 BrO₃^- + 12H⁺

10

Br₂+6 H₂O

+1.520

PbO₂ +4H⁺ + SO₄^2-

2

PbSO₄ +2 H₂O

+1.685

MnO₄^- +4H⁺

3

Mn+2 H₂O

+1.695

H₂O₂ + 2H⁺

2

H₂O

+1.776

NaBiO₃+ 4H⁺

2

BiO⁺ + Na⁺ +2H₂O

> +1.8

Co³⁺

1

Co ²⁺

+1.810

F₂

2

2F^-

+2.870