Angliyskiy

Vibrant green leaves top cedar trees in a grove in Japan.

Cougar

Photograph by Frans Lanting

A cougar‘s striking green eyes stand out in this close-up photo taken in Belize. Also called mountain lions and pumas,

cougars roam the Americas in habitats from swampland to forests.

Airplane Seats

Photograph by Jason Edwards

Rows of empty passenger seats fill an airplane cabin in Sydney, Australia.

Green Tree Frogs

Photograph by John Eastcott and Yva Momatiuk

In a nocturnal rendezvous, two green tree frogs meet face-to-face atop a leaf in Louisiana's Atchafalaya River Delta.

18.Write your associations to

“ENVIRONMENT”.

19.Write a short essay about your environment.

What is your color in life? What color has your environment?

20.Can you read this sentence?

Loveyourenvironmentandbeproudofit.

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1. Read the list of global issues and rank which problem is the biggest threat to the world.

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Vocabulary

−issue ['ɪʃuː ], ['ɪsjuː] - проблема

−proliferation [prəˌlɪf(ə)'reɪʃ(ə)n] - распространение

−nuclear weapon ['njuːklɪə 'wepən] - ядерное оружие

−spread [spred] -распространение

−poverty ['pɔvətɪ] - бедность, нищета

2.Read the text and complete it with the words below.

Food and agriculture is at the (1) ___ of our civilizations. Many religions and cultures celebrate various aspects of food and agriculture due to the importance in our continuity. For an issue that goes to the heart of humanity, it also has its ugly side.

The world‘s worst food (2) ___ is being felt in East Africa, in Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya.

Despite successive failed rains, the crisis has been criticized as avoidable and man-made. This is because the (3) ___ had been predicted many months before by an international early warning system. Both the international (4) ___ and governments in the region have been accused of doing very little in the lead up to this crisis. In addition, high food (5) ___ have forced food out of the reach of many people, while local (6) ___ exacerbate the situation.

As the international organization Oxfam describes: 12 million

(7) ___ are in dire need of food, clean (8) ___, and basic (9) ___. Loss of (10) ___ on a massive scale is a very real risk, and the crisis is set to worsen over the coming months, particularly for pastoralist communities.

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GRAMMAR

1.Define the tense form:

1.was being asked

2.will have been asked

3.was asked

4.are asked

5.shall be asked

2.Find all sentences in Passive Voice:

a)Mother is watching TV.

b)He will be 16 next year.

c)A new film is shown in our cinema.

d)I have already sent the letter.

e)The letter will be sent tomorrow.

3.Rewrite the sentences in the Passive:

1.They are building a new ring road round the city.

2.They will read this book next term.

3.They cancelled all flights because of fog.

4.Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.

5.She will have translated the article by the end of the day.

4.Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form: Present Simple

or Past Simple, Active or Passive.

1.It‘s a big factory. Five hundred people … (employ) there.

2.Water … (cover) most of the Earth‘s surface.

3.Most of the Earth‘s surface … (cover) by water.

4.The park gates … (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.

5.The letter … (post) a week ago.

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5.Choose the right voice form:

1.The book … now.

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SELF-STUDY

Climate Change and Global Warming

Wikipedia defines climate as follows:

Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elements in a given region over a long period of time. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these same elements and their variations over shorter time periods.

Climate may be inherently variable as evidenced by the irregularity of the seasons from one year to another. This variability is normal and may remain partially understood. It is related to changes in ocean currents, volcanic eruptions, solar radiation and other components of the climate system. In addition, our climate also has its extremes (such as floods, droughts, hail, tornadoes and hurricanes), which can be devastating. However, in recent decades, a number of indicators and studies show more and more evidence of climate warming across the globe. A disturbing phenomenon that challenges human habits and activities which are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by gases in the atmosphere warm a planet's lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33°C (59 °F). But Human activity since the

Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon) and nitrous oxide. The concentrations of CO2

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and methane have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since 1750. These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 650,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. Over the last three decades of the 20th century, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions. CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

There are two major effects of global warming: the increase of temperature on the earth by about 3° to 5°C (5.4° to 9°

Fahrenheit) by the year 2100 and Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (82 feet) by the year 2100. Other consequences are listed below:

Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice.

Amounts and patterns of precipitation are changing.

The total annual power of hurricanes has already increased markedly since 1975 because their average intensity and average duration have increased.

Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of other extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and tornadoes.

Higher or lower agricultural yields, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species extinctions.

Diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier.

8.True or false?

1.Climate is by definition variable.

2.Climate change observed in the last decades is natural.

3.Global warming is caused by industrialization.

4.Greenhouse effects have no impacts on our health.

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9. Complete the sentences with the words from the text.

1.Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity and other ___ elements.

2.Human ___ since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

3.A disturbing ___ that challenges human habits and activities which are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.

4.The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared ___ by gases in the atmosphere warm a planet's lower atmosphere and surface.

5.Sea levels are rising due to thermal ___ of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice.

6.Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of other ___ weather events, such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and tornadoes.

7.Higher or lower agricultural ___, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species extinctions.

8.Diseases like ___ are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier.

10. Read the texts 1-3 and answer the questions. Which text is about…

1.A global control

2.Advertising at children and women

3.Causes related to pregnancy and childbirth

4.Depriving of services essential to survival and development

5.Diverting prime land away

6.Environmental problems

7.Habitat destruction

8.Protection from diseases

9.The demands of richer nations

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#1 Tobacco

It is well known that tobacco smoking kills millions. But it also exacerbates poverty, contributes to world hunger by diverting prime land away from food production, damages the environment and reduces economic productivity. Second hand smoking also affects other people‘s lives.

Despite many attempts to prevent it, a global tobacco control treaty became international law in 2005.

However, challenges still remain as tobacco companies try to hit back, for example, by targeting developing nations, increasing advertising at children and women, attempting to undermine global treaties and influence trade talks, etc.

# 2 It‟s an Uphill Struggle to Conserve

Unfortunately, despite the effort put into conservation by organizations and activists, their work can easily be undermined by those who have other interests. This occurs, for example, from habitat destruction, illegal poaching, to influencing or manipulating laws designed to protect species.

The current form of globalization has also been criticized for ignoring sustainable development and environmental concerns. For many years, critics, NGOs, activists and affected peoples have been accusing large corporations for being major sources of environmental problems.

As a recent example, a study reported by the journal Nature concluded that almost a third of threats to animal species around the world stem from trade to meet the demands of richer nations. And with some poorer nations such as China increasing their development, this picture will get more complex.

Consequently, helping species and ecosystems to survive becomes more difficult.

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#3 The World‟s Children

From UNICEF, the world‘s premier children‘s organization, part of the United Nations:

2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation

1 billion children are deprived of one or more services essential to survival and development

148 million under 5s in developing regions are underweight for their age

101 million children are not attending primary school, with more girls than boys missing out

22 million infants are not protected from diseases by routine immunization

7.6 million children worldwide died before their 5th birthday in 2010

4 million newborns worldwide are dying in the first month of

life

2 million children under 15 are living with HIV

>500,000 women die each year from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth

QUICK CHECK

12. Complete the sentences with the nouns.

1.A lot of modern (1) ___ products have lots of (2) ___ and it‘s a waste.

2.Glass is easy to recycle and (3) ___ is a material that is difficult to recycle.

3.If you only buy the (4) ___ that are really necessary, you‘ll help save the (5) ___.

4.If you have a shower, you‘ll use less (6) ___.

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