33.General characteristics of the New English period. Outer and inner history of English.

Outer history. 1.1. Emergence of the nation. In 1485 there ended the War between the Roses and it meant the end of feudalism and the beginning of capitalism, a new, more peaceful era and the transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. An absolute monarchy was established. Elizabeth 1 was one of the most remarkable for the country, it ws the age of Shakespeare, Sidney, Spencer, Bacon, Marlowe and many other famous names. There was the confrontation between Parliament and the Crown at that time. Charles 2 brought a keen interest in scientific development, culture and arts.

Establishment of the literary norm. In New English there was one nation and one national language. But the English literary norm was formed only at the end of the 17^th cent.when there appeared the first scientific Eng.dictionaries and grammar. In grammer books authors tried to stabilize the use of the lang. Samuel Johnson (Dictionary 1755). Early New Eng. (15^th – beginnin of the 18^th cent) it was the establishment of the literary norm. The lang.that was used in Eng. at that time is reflected in the famous translation of the Bible called the King James Bible.

Late New Eng. - since the 18^th cent. The penetration of the Eng.lang.to other parts of the globe began in the 16^th cent, it was an age of great adventures, and England's progress in the discovery and colonising field was tremendous. In 1620 the famous ship The Mayfower reached North America, this period is marked the beginning of English in the New World. In the 18^th cent.English came to India and now it is the native lang. In the 18^th cent. England conquered Canada. In the 20^th cent. English penetrated into South Africa. Now about 300 million people speak English as their national lang.in various parts of the globe.

Inner history. When the literary norm was formed, it was always very conservative that is why the speed of the development slowed down. In native words the stress is fixed and falls on the first root syllables. In borrowed words there developed a system of two stresses.

Consonants. A new [ʒ] was introduced in borrowe words. [r] disappeared at the end of the words and before consonants.

Middle Eng New Eng.

for [for] [fo:]

form [form] [fo:m]

Grammer. A fixed word-order is established. Grammer didng't change fundamentally.

Word-stock. The vocabulary is changing quickly. Many new words are formed to express new notions (hand – to hand). 15th-16^th cent. - the epoch of the Renaissance – there are many borrowings from Greek, Italian, Latin. 17^th cent- the period of Restoration – borrowings came from French. 17^th cent.borr.from the Indian's lang. 19^th cent. English colonisers appear in Australis – new borr.follow (kangaroo). At the end of 19^th cent – borr.from Afrikaans apeear.