- •1. Semasiology
- •2. Homonyms
- •3. Synonymy
- •4. Antonyms
- •5. Morpheme
- •11. Inventory of stylistics – Expressive means and stylistic devices. Tropes.
- •Functional styles of the Eng.Lang. (formal, colloquial, publicistic)
- •14. Functional styles of the English lang. (the belles-lettres style, scientific prose, newspapers)
- •12. Stylistic differentiation of The English vocabulary.
- •22. The phoneme. The system of English phonemes
- •24. The system of English vowels and consonants
- •1. The system of consonant phonemes.
- •2. The system of vowel phonemes.
- •23 Phonemes and Allophones.
- •25. Syllable. Syllable division and formation.
- •31.General characteristic of the Old English period
- •32.General characteristics of the Middle English period
- •33.General characteristics of the New English period. Outer and inner history of English.
- •34.Scandinavian invasion and Norman conquest and their effect on the Eng.Lang.
- •35.The first Consonant shift. Grimm's law. Verner's law.
- •41. Parts of speech. Classification. Grammatical categories.
- •§ 2. Verbs can be classified under different heads.
- •42. The sentence. Major aspects. The distributive model. The transformational model.
- •43. Major and minor parts of speech.
- •Вопрос 44. Words combinations. Principles of classification.
- •Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
- •Вопрос 45. The compound sentence
- •William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965)
- •Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
- •1. Important images of the XX-XXI centuries
- •2. Healthy food
- •3. Negative emotions: anger, hatred, fear.
- •4. The problem of teenagers.
- •5.The Internet and English
- •6.Artificial intelligence vs Human mind
- •7.School education issues.
- •8.Education. (1 variant)
- •9.Teaching as a profession
- •10.Environmental issues
- •11. Law and order: Corruption issues in Russia.
- •12. Drug abuse and dru addicts.
- •National identity
- •15. Religion
- •14 (26). Reading preferences
- •16. Human rights
- •17.International organisations
- •18.Women, power and politics
- •19. Deforestation
- •21. Career versus home
- •22.Old age problems
- •20. Family matters.
- •23. Generation gap.
- •24. Marriage
- •25.Ingenious inventions.
- •27.Gadget dependence
- •26. Professional career
- •26. Reading preferences part 2
- •27. Leisure time
- •29. Healthy way of life
- •30. Recycling.
- •32. Chernobyl disaster
- •33. Cultural aspects of Globalisation
- •34. Domestic violence.
- •35. Road traffic safety and traffic injuries.
22. The phoneme. The system of English phonemes
24. The system of English vowels and consonants
The phoneme is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech in the form of speech sounds. The phoneme is the smallest contrastive language unit which may produce a change of meaning. It's functional unit, i.e. it is capable of differentiation of the meaning, E.g. pie -tie
1. The system of consonant phonemes.
According to Vasiliev the classification is built on the type of obstruction and manner of production of the noise hence: 1.occlusive (in the production of which a complete obstruction is formed), 2. constrictive (an incomplete obstruction is formed)
The other classification: 1.Degree of voicing (- Voiced [b], [z], [v] etc. - Voiceless [p], [s], [f] etc.); 2. Place of articulation (- Labial (labial - labio-dental - bilabial),
- Lingual (forelingual - medialingual - backlingual), - Glottal); 3.Manner of articulation (3.1. occlusive vs. constrictive pine -fine, bat - that, bee – thee, 3.2.constrictive vs. affricates fare — chair, fail -jail, 3.3. constrictive unicentral vs. constrictive bicentral same — shame); 4.According to the force of articulation (-weak (lenis), - strong (fortis)); 5.Position of the soft palate (- oral, - nasal)
2. The system of vowel phonemes.
1. According to the stability of articulation vowels subdivided into: (1. Monophthongs (the articulation of the sounds is almost unchanging). 2.Diphthongs (the organs of speech glide from one vowel position to another within one syllable. The starting point is strong and distinct. The Glide is very weak. Diphthongs consist of two perceptible vowel elements). 3 Diphthongoids (the difference between the starting point and the end is not so distinct. There are two of them: [i:] and [u:])
2.According to the position of the tongue:
Horizontal movement:(1.Front (the tongue is in the front part of the mouth and its front part is .raised, [ᴂ], [e], [i:] etc.) 2. Front retracted (the tongue is the front part of the mouth but slightly retracted. [I]) 3. Central (the front part of the tongue is raised towards the back part of hard palate.[Ʌ], [ə:]) 4. Back (the tongue is in the back part of the mouth, its back part is raised to soft palate, [o:], [u:]) 5 Back advanced (the tongue is in the back part of the mouth, it is slightly advanced, and its central part is raised to the front part of the soft palate, [u])
The vertical movement: 1. Close: 1. narrow [u:], [i:]; 2.broad [I], [u], [Iə], [uə]
2. Mid: 1. narrow [e], [ə], [eI], [eu]; 2. broad [Ʌ], 3. Open: 1. narrow [еə], [о:], [oI]
According to the position of the lips: (Spread; Neutral; Rounded (unrounded)
Vowel tenseness (Tenseness characterizes the state of the organs of speech at the moment of vowel production): (Long: [i:], [u:], [а:], [о:], [з:]; Short [I], [Ʌ], [о], [u])
Qualitative difference is the main relevant feature that serves to differentiate long and short vowel phonemes depend on the position they occupy in a word.