Intermediate Level

Everyone who have-1 ever been to a graduation know-2 how exciting it can be for the graduates. In our town, nearly the whole population come-3 each year. There is-4 one thing that both graduates and guests enjoys-5: the awarding of scholarships. This ceremony, along with the closing exercises, make-6 attending the graduation worthwhile. Several of the students who recieves-7 awards plan-8 to attend the community college. Many former graduates is-9 grateful for opportunities that such an award provide-10.

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Exercise 6.3.4. - Test # 4 on Subject-Verb Agreement

► After each sentence (1-12) select the verb form that will best fit in the blank __. On the responses lines, write down your comment on your choice (explanation in the English language will add one point to your total mark/grade). Ttranslate into Russian. Upper-Intermediate Level

1. Carlos is the only one of those who _____ lived up to the potential described in the yearbook. (A) has (B) have

Responses: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The International Club, as well as the Choral Society and the Rowing Club, _____ to submit a new constitution. (A) need (B) needs

Responses: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. One of my best friends _____ an extra on Seinfeld this week.

(A) are (B) is

Responses: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Not only the students but also their instructor _____ been called to the

principal’s office. (A) have (B) has

Responses: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Most of the milk _____ gone bad. Six gallons of milk _____ still in the refrigerator. (A) has----are (B) have----is

Responses: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Each and every student and instructor in this building _____ for a new facility by next year. (A) hope (B) hopes

Responses: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. The students and istructors each _____ for a new facility by next year.

(A) hopes (B) hope

Responses: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Rice and beans, my favourite dish, _____ me of my native Puerto Rico. (A) remind (B) reminds

Responses: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. A large number of voters still _____ along straight-party lines.

(A) votes (B) vote

Responses: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Four years _____ a long time to spend away from your friends and family. (A) are (B) is

Responses: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. Politics _____ sometimes a dirty business.

(A) are (B) is

Responses: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. To an outsider, the economics of this country _____ to be in disarray.

(A) seem (B) seems

Responses: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(Источник: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/sv_agr.htm)

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Exercise 7. - Grammar Revision: Functions and Translation of ‘Should’

7.1. Внимательно прочтите словарную статью 2.23. should, обращая внимание на разнообразие лексико-грамматических значений этой глагольной формы. 7.2. Составьте 14 собственных примеров на все перечисленные варианты использования формы should в английском языке. 7.3. Выполните дополнительные задания на эту лексико-грамматическую тему, не забывая об обязательном переводе на русский язык.

▼*******Functions and Translation of ‘Should’*******▼

Exercise 7.1. Some more information on ‘should’

Примеры переведите на русский язык

7.1.1. In British English, should is used in certain kinds of subordinate clause which express personal reactions to events, and the importance or necessity of events. This happens after verbs like command, order, insist, request, ask, suggest, advise, recommend (especially in past sentences), and after adjectives like important, vital, essential, necessary, eager, anxious, concerned: (1) I was astonished that she should do a thing like that; (2) I’m anxious that everybody should have a good time; (3) He insisted that the contract should be read aloud; (4) I recommended that she should reduce her expenditure; (5) Was it necessary that my uncle should be informed? (6) I’m anxious that nobody should be hurt.

In American English, ideas of this kind can also be expressed with subjunctive, or in other, simpler ways: (7) Was it necessary that my uncle be informed? (8) Was it necessary to inform my uncle? (9) Was it necessary for my uncle to be informed?

7.1.2. Should is also used in subordinate clauses with the words like amazing, interesting, shocked, sorry, normal, natural, it’s shame (more common in past sentences). The subjunctive is not possible here instead of should. (10) It’s amazing that she should say that sort of thing to you; (11) I was shocked that she shouldn’t have invited Phyllis; (12) I’m sorry you should think I did it on purpose; (13) Do you think it’s normal that the child should be so tired?

7.1.3. should and ought to Should and ought to have very similar meanings. They are used to express obligation and duty, to give advice, and in general to say what we think it is right or good for people to do. (14) You ought to/should go and see ‘Blazing Saddles’ – it’s a great film; (15) You should have seen his face! (16) People ought to vote even if they don’t agree with any of the candidates.

There is, however, a very slight difference. When we use should, we give our own subjective opinion; ought to has a rather more objective force, and is used when we are talking about laws, duties and regulations (or when we want to make our opinion sound as strong as a duty or law). Compare: (17) You should/ought to go and see Mary some time. (18) We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will. (Should doesn’t sound right here. It would be strange to give oneself advice and say that one was not going to follow it).

Should and ought to can also be used to talk about strong probability: (19) I’ve bought thirty pints of beer – that ought to be enough! (20) That should be Janet coming upstairs now.

(Источник: Swan, №№ 549-554)

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Exercise 7.3.1. – Use should or ought to with the infinitive in the appropriate

aspect-voice form (Simple/Continuous/Perfect - Active/Passive) 1-16.

1. ‘Why did nobody tell me?’ Adele was rigid, squeezing her handbag under her arm. ‘Your father ____tell____ me.

2. He ____marry____ Hilary, instead of that last wife of his.

3. We ____get rid____ of the security men and the barriers at the gates and let the people in.

4. ‘Oh, of course, professor; I’m sorry,’ he said, having been well schooled in giving apologies at the very times when he ____demand____ them.

5. ‘You must forgive me,’ he repeated, starting again. ‘I ____not to bother____ you. I ____telephone____ but the appointment was made and I was, as it were, on my way home and so I took the liberty of dropping in.

6. And another thing. We ____have____ more rules. Where the conch is, that’s a meeting.

7. This does not disturb her self-confidence; a good teacher, like a good actress, ____not to be____ immune from stage fright.

8. I think I ____meet____ your parents this weekend.

9. You ____have____ a cooked breakfast, these cold mornings.

10. You ____go____ to the play as part of your education.

11. The first thing we ____make____ was shelters down there by the beach.

12. ‘He thinks Professor Tabard has insulted him, doesn’t he?’ – ‘Who told you that?’ Martin was genuinely curious and rather surprised. ‘I ____no to put____ it as fiercely as that.’

13. At the same time I kept thinking that I wasn’t feeling as much as one ____feel____ when someone died.

14. His sudden collapse took me by surprise. He ____tell____ me about his blood-pressure.

15. Naturally they saw less of each other, and Robyn was aware that this did not cause her to pine (тосковать) as much as perhaps it ____do____ .

16. Helena had the grace to look ashamed of herself. ‘I ____not to repeat____ it. I promised I wouldn’t.’

(Источник: Меркулова, с. 289; 331)

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Ex. 7.3.2. – 1. Match the advice to the statement. 2. Give proof of (substantiate) your choice. 3. When the other statements could be useful? 1-10

1. I’m fed up with my job.

1. We should cut our prices.

2. He should talk to the MD.

3. You should look for another one. You should look in the Sunday Times, they always have lots of job ads.

4. We should launch a major advertising campaign.

2. I don’t get on at all well with my boss.

a) You should make an effort. If he starts giving you bad re-ports, you’ll never get pro-moted.

b) We should cut our prices.

c) You should go for a visit out there to see if you like it.

d) We should launch a major advertising campaign.

3. I’m pretty sure that our biggest customer is in financial trouble.

a) Somebody should have a

quiet word in his ear.

b) We should cut our prices.

c) Well, perhaps we should be

careful about how much

credit we allow them.

d) We should launch a major

advertising campaign.

4. The Internet is the future but it’s a mystery to me.

a) Somebody should have a

quiet word in his ear.

b) He should talk to the MD.

c) We should cut our prices.

d) Perhaps you should go on a

training course.

5. Andrew needs to speak German by the end of the year.

a) We should cut our prices.

b) Well, he should go for

intensive lessons.

c) You should go for a visit out

there to see if you like it.

d) We should launch a major

advertising campaign.

6. Our major problem is that we don’t have enough customers.

a) Somebody should have a

quiet word in his ear.

b) He should talk to the MD.

c) You should go for a visit out

there to see if you like it.

d) We should launch a major

advertising campaign.

7. We’re being priced out of the market.

a) Somebody should have a

quiet word in his ear.

b) We should cut our prices.

c) He should talk to the MD.

d) You should go for a visit out

there to see if you like it.

8. Harry doesn’t feel he has got a future with the company.

a) He should talk to the MD.

b) Well, he should gor for

intensive lessons.

c) Perhaps you should go on a

training course.

d) You should go for a visit out

there to see if you like it.

9. I’ve been offered a job in Indonesia but I’ve never lived outside Europe.

1. Well, perhaps we should be

careful about how much

credit we allow them.

b) Somebody should have a

quiet word in his ear.

c) Well, he should gor for a

visit out there to see if you

like it.

d) You should go for a visit out

there to see if you like it.

10. Jeremy is such a boring prat.

a) Perhaps you should go on a

training course.

b) Somebody should have a

quiet word in his ear.

c) You should make an effort. If

he starts giving you bad

reports, you’ll never get

promoted.

d) Well, perhaps we should be

careful about how much

credit we allow them.

(Источник: http://www.better-english.com/grammar)

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Exercise 7.3.3. – Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения. Объясните значение глагольных форм should/shouldn’t.

1. The report says the country should think twice before joining the European Union. 2. A gentlemam should be honest in his actions and refined in his language. 3. Children should be seen and not heard. 4. Law makers should not be law breakers. 5. We should consult three things in all our actions: justice, honesty and utility. 6. People should reflect how tender is the Earth’s environment. 7. We assured her that we should soon come back. 8. Is it vitaly important that I should say “yes”? 9. Well, you should be working now istead of relaxing. 10. You shouldn’t remember the clothes but the feeling they give you.

Exercise 7.3.4. – Дайте совет, используя глагольные формы should/shouldn’t.

1. My eyes are tired. 2. They quarrelled last night. 3. My life is hectic [лихорадочный]. 4. Bess’s boyfriend is too young. 5. What a horrible film! 6. Jack thinks his girl is lightminded. 7. Mr. Snow has gone bankrupt. 8. I caught a cold yesterday. Now I’m coughing and sneezing. 9. I haven’t been getting enough sleep lately. 10. This is my sixth cup of coffee this evening.

(Источник: Ионина, Саакян, с. 346-347)

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Exercise 7.3.5. – Прочитайте диалог и скажите, что Эмме и её другу (1) следовало и (2) не следовало было делать. 1-10

Anna: How was your trip to the national park, Emma?

Emma: It was a disaster, literally!

Anna: Oh, no! Why? What happened?

Emma: Well, we went on a hike, just Wayne and me. It started out quite nice, but then the weather turned bad, and we didn’t have any raincoats or anything. So we decided to turnback, and Wayne had this idea that we could take a short-cut through the forest, but we got lost. So we decided to light a fire, but it started to spread. It was so windy, and we were trying to put it out, and I burned myself. And we didn’t have anything to put on the burn. Meanwhile it was getting later and later, and we didn’t have anything to eat or drink. Nobody knew where we were. And then Wayne decided to go on ahead without me. Oh it was terrible ...

Write sentences: They didn’t take protactive clothing. >

• They should’ve taken protective clothing.

1 – They didn’t take a map. 2 – They took a short-cut. 3 – They didn’t follow the signs. 4 They lit a fire. 5 – They didn’t take a first-aid kit. 6 – They didn’t take food or water. 7 – They hadn’t told anyone where they were going. 8 – They didn’t stay together.

(Источник: Thornbury, p. 129)

Exercise 7.3.6. – Сопоставление форм should и “had better//’d better + infinitive without ‘to’” в значении ‘советовать’.

• The modal form ‘had better’ expresses advice with a warning of a possible unpleasant consequence or result if the advice is not followed. ‘Had better’ is mostly used in conversational English, in affirmative and negative statements in the present. ‘Should’ is used instead of ‘had better’ in the past.

Translate into Russian:

1. I’d better go otherwise I’ll be late. 2. You’d better come back on Friday. 3. You’d better be there on time. 4. She’d better not come here again! 5. You had better see a doctor, your cough is becoming worse. 6. Сравните в Past: You should have come on Friday, you missed an important meeting.

• Substitutes: You can use the verbs ‘to advise’ or ‘to recommend’ in describing the advice given. Note that these verbs have some peculiarities in usage (with gerund or infinitive). Compare these sentences: 7. You should (= ought to) buy this car. 8. You’d better buy this car now: it may be gone tomorrow. 9. I told him that he should buy that car. 10. I advise/recommend buying this car. // I advise/recommend you to buy this car. 11. I advised/recommended buying that car. // I advised/recommended him to buy that car. 12. I advised/recommended him against buying that car. // I advised/recommended him not to buy that car.

• Recommendations: Use should in all cases of giving advice in affirmative and negative statements and questions referring to the present, future or past. The modal should is very common and much easier to use than ought to or had better.

(Источник: http://usefulenglish.ru/grammar)

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Exercise 7.3.7. – 1. Заполните пропуски, используя конструкции should/ought to + Simple/Perfect Infinitive в активной или пассивной форме. Употребите глаголы из списка, предложенного перед упражнением. Каждый глагол можно использовать только один раз. 2. Переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.

be more careful / go away / do / go to bed / be more serious / take / ask / be polite / tell / plan

1. Ben told his partner he ______ the company’s policy more carefully.

2. You ______ before that disgusting thing happened.

3. I can’t ever understand when you are joking. You ______ .

4. Children ______ when speaking with grown-ups.

5. I think uncle Adrian ______ first because he is a clever man and is always ready to give good advice.

6. Children ______ early.

7. I ______ the thruth when I asked you. I think I derserved it.

8. You ______ next time.

9. In order to reduce costs, the staff of our company ______ cheaper flights.

10. I did something – something I ______ .

(Источник: Спиридонова, с. 79)

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Exercise 7.3.8. – Переведите на английский язык.

1. Это было великолепное представление. Если у тебя будет время, тебе стóит (следует) посмотреть его.

2. Если Вы хотите преуспеть, то Вам следует набраться знаний, опыта и терпения.

3. Тебе следует проконсуль-тироваться у прфессионала, прежде чем принимать какие-либо решения.

4. А не следует ли тебе брать уроки вождения?

5. Я убеждена, что тебе следует обратиться к врачу. Тебе давно следовало бы бросить курить!

6. Раньше нужно было думать об

этом! Но делать нечего, давай

посмотрим, что можно сделать.

7. Ну откуда мне знать, как она поживает? Как близкому родственнику тебе следовало бы знать это самому!

8. Тебе не стóило следовать её примеру все эти годы! Вы абсолютно разные люди.

9. Преподаватель рекомендовал, чтобы студенты прочитали дополнительно два источника.

10. Мы должны аннулировать (to abolish) наше вчерашнее решение.

(Источник: Комаровская, с. 47; Ионина, Саакян, с.346-347)

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Exercise 8. – Ответьте на следующие вопросы и выскажите своё мнение в устной или письменной форме.

1. How do you understand the statement “Public relations is a profession in transition”?

2. Public relations constitutes all management, isn’t it? If ‘yes’, why and how?

3. What are the traditional skills of PR?

4. What are the main components of the successful PR practice?

5. How would you realize the three factors listed in the fifth paragraph of the text?

6. How are the historical stages of PR revealed in the present day reality?

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PART TWO

Practicing & Controlling the Text - Vocabulary & Grammar:

4 Variants

=======================================================================================================

4 variants of practicing & controlling the text vocabulary & grammar

Variant One: text + English-English glossary

WHAT IS PUBLIC RELATIONS

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Pre-text tasks (1-5): Прочтите текст. Пользуйтесь глоссарием после текста. Обращайте внимание на (1) произношение и значения международных слов, (2) слов, выделенных курсивом, (3) их формы и (4) согласование по числу между подлежащим и сказуемым.

1. Public relations is a profession in transition. In an environment of rapid social change, every organization must change or die. PR practitioners must possess the communications expertise and social sensitivity necessary to help organizations adapt to their changing environments.

2. In many ways, this is a new role for PR practitioners. They are no longer mere technicians who shape and transmit messages from organizations to their publics because PR is now a critical dimension of management. All management now recognize that they themselves practice PR, and they also see that public relations should be part of the management mainstream.

3. To this broadened role, PR practitioner must bring out all of the traditional skills of the craft. The ability to understand public opinion, to plan PR programs, to create effective messages in all media for all organizational publics, and to evaluate PR effectiveness remain crucial areas of talent, skill, and knowledge.

4. PR as it is practiced today, though, demands much more. A full understanding of all communication processes and a complete acquaintance with the methods of management are crucial to the successful practice of PR. Thorough knowledge of the environment of the organization in which the practitioner works is a prerequisite to PR effectiveness.

5. PR is an outgrowth of three factors:

(1) recognition of the power of public opinion;

(2) continuous competition among institutions for public support; and

(3) the development of media through which the public can be reached.

6. Historically, PR has gone through three stages:

(1) manipulation;

(2) information; and

(3) mutual influence and understanding.

Their development was sequential, but all three still exist. PR has generally moved from using any available means to achieve desired public opinion towards informing the public and providing information and counsel to management.

7. The future of PR can be better predicted and prepared for if the trends in

the history of PR are identified and understood.

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English-English Glossary = to be understood

* Stressed vowels are underlined

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