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Active Words and Phrases:

cable TV

кабельне телебачення

broadband

широкосмуговий

fee

плата

to opt (for)

робити вибір (на користь)

obtain access

отримати доступ

to upgrade

підвищувати якість

dial-up service

Internet по телефону

inevitable

неминучий

to average

проводити час в середньому

Ex. III. Discuss the following:

1. What kinds of Internet access are available at the local market?

2. Which is preferable: a cable line or a telephone line and why?

3. What do subscribes have to do to obtain uninterrupted high-speed Internet access?

4. Who does cable access make sense for?

5. Compare the Western and the local markets for a cable access.

6. What role would you predict for dial-up services in the near future?

7. In what way is it possible to upgrade old technologies?

Ex. IV. Translate the following from Ukrainian into English:

1. Розширення послуг Інтернету через кабельне телебачення стане можливим в найближчі роки.

2. Найбільшим недоліком кабельного Інтернету є те, що клієнти повинні купляти кабельний модем.

3. За додаткову плату можна отримати навіть швидший доступ.

4. Широкосмуговий кабель дає можливість дивитися телевізор та користуватися телефоном під час роботи в мережі Інтернет.

5. Поява широкосмугового кабеля не турбує конкурентів, бо нові технології – це не обов’язково зникнення старих.

Grammar: “Past Modals”

[may, might, could, should, ought to, need, must, can’t] + [have + past participle]

Past Modals are used to talk about the past actions.

Yes definitely – must

probably – should

possibly – may, might, could

No definitely – can’t, needn’t

We use the structure verb + have + past participle to talk about things that possibly happened or things that did not happen.

could + have + past participle is used to say that someone had the ability or the opportunity to do something in the past but did not do it or something was possible but didn’t happen.

You could have phoned them. They were waiting for your call.

needn’t + have + past participle says that someone did something, but it was not necessary, it was a waste of time:

I needn’t have bought sugar. Mother already did it.

should/ought to + have + past participle – is used:

  1. to say someone did the wrong thing in the past;

  2. when we expected something to happen and we do not know if it happened.

1. I should have cleaned that window myself, but I forgot.

2.You ought to have apologized. You were wrong.

3. She should have passed her exam by now.

may/might/could + have + past participle are used to talk about possibility in the past:

        1. He was absent last night. He might have gone home already.

  • I think I’ve lost my key.

  • You could have left it in the office.

3.

  • She didn’t say hello.

  • She might not have seen you.

might + have + past participle - is also used to say that something was possible in the past but did not happen:

You should be move careful. You might have crashed your car.

must/can’t + have + past participle are used for deductions in the past:

Ann is a tour guide. She must have visited a lot of countries.

I can’t have missed the sign. It was there all the time.

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