3. Find the answers to the questions.

1. What is the backbone of heavy industry in nowadays?

2. Why is mechanical engineering so important?

3. What is a machine? What types of machines do you know?

4. How can machine elements be classified in?

5. What are the basic requirements of the elements of any machine?

6. What do you know about safety, safety, strength, stiffness of the machine elements?

4. Complete the sentences:

1. … is the a combination of a number of separate parts designed to perform work related to the process of conversion of energy or the process of production.

2. Mechanical engineering is … .

3. …. can be classified in two groups.

4. Groups of individual jointed machine elements that work together are … .

5. Breaking and or deterioration of the working surfaces of the element is … .

6. The shape and dimensions of a machine element should ensure complete of the … .

5. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. combination a. перетворювати

2. convert b. з’єднання, комбінація

3. modify c. деформація

4. prominent d. застосовувати, додавати

5. deformation e. пошкоджувати, послабляти

6. apply f. модифікувати, пом’якшувати

7. impair g. розмір, величина

8. reduced h. зменшений

9. lubrication i. випуклий, визначний

10. dimension j. змащення

6. Define the following terms.

1. converting machines –

2. producting machine -

3. general purpose elements -

4. special – purpose elements –

5. wear resistance –

II. Retell the text “Basic requirements for Machines and machine elements.”

III. Rendering.

1. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian using new wards in their specialized meanings below.

1. lever – важіль

2. log – колода, поліно

3. magnify – збільшувати

4. split – розрізати

5. tackle – снасть

6. windmill – вітродвигун

The history of machines

The history of machines dates back thousands of years. Although the date of the first use of simple machines is not known, the lever is believed to be the first simple machine that was utilized by humans. However, someone choosing a long, gradual approach up a mountain rather than walking up a steeper, shorter path would have been taking advantage of an inclined plane. The first levers were probably branches or logs used to lift heavy objects. People also used such a device for lifting soldiers over battlements. Metal or stone wedges have been used since ancient times for splitting wood. People used wooden wedges to split rocks by placing dry wooden wedges into cracks in rocks and then allowing the wedges to swell by absorbing water. Historians believe the people of ancient Mesopotamia (an early civilization near modern-day Iraq) used wheels as early as 3500 bc.

Machines can transform natural energy, such as wind and falling water, into work. Waterwheels, first used in ancient Greece and Rome, and later adopted by Europeans in the 12th century, used the water falling from a waterfall to turn large wheels. The windmill also uses the same wheel and axle principle to magnify and change the direction of force to do work.

Complicated machines such as the power loom helped cultivate the improvements seen in Great Britain during the first Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. Later Industrial Revolutions elsewhere brought about the invention of even more complex machines, such as the cotton gin, the mechanical reaper and the automobile.

2. Make up a plan in the form of questions.

3. Give the summary of the text according to your plan in a written form.

IV. Comprehensive skills.

1. Read and remember.

1. fabrication – видумка, підробка

2. joints – з’єднання, спайка

3. coalesce – з’єднуватись

4. molten – розплавлений

5. conjunction – союз

6. work pieces – оброблювальні вироби

7. fume – випаровування

2. Listen to the text “Welding” and try to understand it.