2. Read and translate the following text into Ukrainian.

Instruments and automatic controls for Industrial processes.

1. We are now in the “age of automation”. When manual labour was replaced by machinery, great alarm was voiced by man as to the future of mankind. The second industrial revolution brought about the semi – replacement of the human brain by so – called “thinking machines”. Here too, logic soon evinced the fact, that even thinking machines needed human brains. Now we are in the way of utilization of atomic power. Certainly this must be respected as the eventual good it will serve mankind.

2. Science has an important role to play in the fulfilment of this task. The scientific and technological progress raise the unit capacity of machines and assemblies, switching from the development and introduction of individual machines to the development and introduction of machine systems covering the whole technological process, mechanisation and automation of labour – intensive areas of production, above all in industries. This “are of automation” with all its industrial revolutions has seriously called upon the measuring instrument industry (to rise to the high degree of development). Industrial process instruments play an important and vital role in automation operations.

3. Great efforts were extended by industries, particularly Iron and steel as well as oil refining industries, to automatize their processes. Industrial process instruments serve all industrial fields: steel mills, oil refineries, chemical factories, power stations, paper, cement plants. It is in these industrial fields where such industrial variables as temperature, flow, pressure, liquid level, gas composition, humidity, weight, thickness, etc. must be measured and controlled.

4. The instruments perform the delicate duties of measurement, indication, record, and control. There are numerous types of control systems ranging from the simple on-off type to the continuous high speed control, or from the pneumatically operated control to the electronically operated control.

5. As with “electronic” which is so frequently used as if it were merely a synonym for “electric”, many people seem to use “automation” when what they are really talking about is only the use of automatic or even of semi – automatic machinery.

6. Lacking the help of a dictionary, one may nevertheless conclude automation to mean much more than that. In its final form, automation appears to imply the almost total replacement of human handling by automatic and automatically controlled methods. We may conclude that the factory of the future will be controlled by a single engineer sitting in a controlroom, watching the raw materials flowing smoothly in at one end of the factory while at the other his finished products flow as smoothy out.

7. Even if we have an automatic machine to do every one of the operations in the factory or tannery, that is still not automatic, unless the machines are linked up by some comprehensive control. Materials must not be “touched by human hand.”

3. Find the answers to the questions.

1. How did man perform his work before machinery?

2. What did the second industrial revolution bring about?

3. Who will the factory be controlled by?

4. What will be the task of a single engineer in a control room?

5. Explain the statement “Materials must not be touched by human hand”.

4. Complete the sentences.

1. Now we are in the way of ... .

2. Science has an important role ... .

3. ... play an important and vital role in automation operations.

4. The instruments perform the delicate duties of ... .

5. Materials must not be ... .

6. We are now in ... .

5. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1. automation a) сила, влада

2. labour b) відношення

3. power c) об’єм

4. respect d) праця

5. capacity e) виробництво

6. production f) вказівки

7. indication g) автоматизація

8. record h) контроль, перевірка

9. control i) діяти, зробити

10. operate j) записати, рекорд

6. True or false statements.

1. Future is speed.

2. New technologies in electronics continue to develop.

3. Sales, agriculture and some service industry are difficult to automate.

4. Light industry are highly automated.

5. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation.

II Retell the text “Instruments and automatic control for industrial process”.

III Rendering.

1. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian using new words in their specialized meanings below.

previous – раніше, попередній

sequence – послідовність

nonmanufacturing – невиробничий

resemble – походить