8. Эмфатические конструкции (Emphatic Constructions)

Эмфатические конструкции используются для выделения, подчеркивания того или иного члена предложения.

1. Усилительное do

Усилительное do употребляется в утвердительных повелительных предложениях. При переводе сказуемого перед смысловым глаголом добавляются слова действительно, фактически, на самом деле, всё же.

Only in 1963 did it prove possible to achieve stable plasma.

Только в 1963г. все же оказалось возможным получить устойчивую плазму.

2. Обратный порядок слов

Обратный порядок слов используется для выделения второстепенных членов предложения. Обратный порядок слов употребляется в эмфатических предложениях, вводимых союзами so, neither или nor (так же, и не).

Не was late and so was his friend.	Он опоздал, опоздал также и его друг.
Nor should we forget the importance of this word.	А также мы не должны забывать весомость этого слова.
Perhaps nowhere have been achieved better results as in this field of science.	Может быть, нигде не были достигнуты лучшие результаты, чем в этой области науки.

3. Двойное отрицание

Отрицание not в сочетании с отрицательной приставкой прилагательного или наречия усиливает любые члены предложения, кроме подлежащего и дополнения. Такое сочетание переводится словами довольно, весьма, вполне.

The case is not improbable.

Этот случай довольно (вполне, весьма) вероятен.

4. Эмфатическое сочетание it is…that (which, who)

Сочетание переводится на русский язык словами именно, все же, действительно.

It is these properties of crystals that are the most important.

Именно эти свойства кристаллов наиболее важны.

Задание 1.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные грамматические формы, и сравните свой перевод с предлагаемым вариантом перевода для самоконтроля. Если вы допустили ошибку, обратитесь к объяснению грамматического явления, предложенному выше.

Nations of the world now have a lot of common features in their way of life; but every nation does have its own peculiar character which distinguishes.	У народов мира сейчас много общего в стиле жизни, но каждый народ все же имеет свой собственный характер, который отличает его от других.
Not until Dalton made his famous discovery did scientists realize the importance of this law.	Только когда Дальтон сделал свое знаменитое открытие, ученые действи­тельно поняли важность этого закона.
Mars and Venus have atmospheres not dissimilar to ours.	Марс и Венера имеют атмосферу, довольно похожую на нашу.
River and lake deposits also not uncommonly contain remains of organisms which inhabited waters.	Речные и озерные отложения также довольно часто содержат остатки организмов, которые населяли водоемы.
It was not until Einstein discovered the connection between gravitation and inertia that the mystery Newton could not understand was solved.	Только когда Эйнштейн обнаружил связь между гравитацией и инерцией, было найдено решение тому загадочному явлению, которого не понимал Ньютон.
Russian computer specialists say that they did try to invent a similar system in the late 1980s.	Российские специалисты по компьютерам говорят, что они действительно пытались изобрести подобную систему в конце 1980-х. .
The formation of ozone during the electrolyses of water does not change the weight of the gas collected at the positive pole but it does decrease the volume.	Образование озона во время электролиза воды не изменяет вес газа, собирающегося на положительном полюсе, но все же уменьшает его объем.
The Moon having no atmosphere, there can be no wind, neither can there be any noise, for sound is carried by the air.	Так как луна не имеет атмосферы, там не может быть ветра, а также не может быть никакого шума, поскольку звук переносится воздухом.
It was the sudden decision of the company to cut the prices that attracted the buyers.	Именно неожиданное решение компании снизить цены привлекли покупателей.
It is for this reason that we must now regard the financial policy with entirely new eyes.	Именно по этой причине мы должны посмотреть на финансовую политику абсолютно другими глазами.

Задание 2.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные грамматические формы.

Radio-Electronics

1. It is the movement of electrons which constitutes an electric current.

2. It was at Stanford University that the new type radio telescope was built.

3. Never before did any radio telescope in the US possess the resolving power of Stanford’s radio telescope.

4. It is the radio wave that carries music or speech to your receiver.

5. Interconnected mechanically and electronically are 16 solid aluminium disk antennas, each 10 ft in diameter.

6. Today many of the electronic circuits in industry include devices that may not be electronic but that add greatly to the successful operation of the circuit. Included are the transistors, the magnetic amplifier, and the amplidyne.

7. It was from radio that the subject of electronics was born.

8. A given ion does have a definite mobility, one that does not change with time.

9. The results of the experiment indicated that radioactive emanation did take place.

10. This was an undesirable situation and so was mobile equipment limited to operation.

11. Though some substances (e.g. sand) seem to be very nearly insoluble, water does dissolve most to some extent.

12. The advances of modern sciences in the production of a wide range of experimental temperatures are thus seen to be not inconsiderable.

13. Though some substances seem to be very nearly insoluble, water does dissolve most things to some extent.

Computer Engineering

1. It is the expert system that should be able to explain its reasoning and answer questions about solution process.

2. It is not only computer science where expert systems have been used to solve a wide range of problems.

3. This is what Internet can offer people in the sphere of education.

4. Writing an expert system does involve great deal of time and money.

5. Those systems were not incompatible in terms of the services offered and the control signaling used.

6. This is what supplementary services are provided for.

7. Nor should we forget the telephony, the most basic teleservice supported by GSM.

8. An initial prototype is a big area of research and so is the way of writing the expert system.

9. Obviously nothing else could give better results than the conditions hold.

10. It is the absence of rules that makes you operate individually.

11. It is under these circumstances that the operational research is most useful.

12. This is where the hidden talents of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) come into play.

Information Security

1. It has also been shown that it’s ACL's promise of giving access to an object to only one person that can never be guaranteed in practice.

2. The reality of some risks may well be disputed.

3. It is Security that can be compromised by hardware and software malpractice, human error and faulty operating environments.

4. After all, a proper attack does not need to be very high tech, or well funded.

5. What is needed is that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.

6. These computers did quickly become interconnected through a network generically called the Internet or World Wide Web.

7. It is Julius Caesar who is credited with the invention of the Caesar cipher c50 B.C., which was created in order to prevent his secret messages from being read.

8. Not until the end of the 20th century saw rapid advancements in telecommunications, computing hardware and software, and data encryption, the availability of smaller, more powerful and less expensive computing equipment made electronic data processing within the reach of small business and the home user.

9. In some cases, the risk can well be transferred to another business by buying insurance or out-sourcing to another business.

10. Whatever the goals may be the access to protected information must be restricted to people who are authorized to access the information.

11. When protecting information it is the value of the information that has to be protected.