Answer the following questions:

1. What is spinning and its purpose?

2. What is yarn?

3. Whet is the difference between a yarn and a thread?

4. What is necessary before a yarn can be done from raw materials?

5. In what state are the natural fibres unsuitable for immediate conversion into yarn?

6. What is adhering to the fibres when they are picked from the plant?

7. What fibres are practically ready for the loom?

8. What fibres are frequently cut into short staples?

9. What are the basic principles of drawing and spinning?

10. When did the spinning wheel come into use and when did machine spinning start?

Вариант II

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Weaving

1.Weaving basically is the same as darning. This method of cloth icture produces a fabric that is very strong and yet allows Mtilation to take place.

2.Most of the cloth we use is use by weaving. Practically all household fabrics and a large part of clothing materials are woven, since this method of fabric construction is equally well suited to the production of both sheer silk fabrics and thick blankets or carpets.

3.Weaving consists essentially of an Interlacing of two sets of yarns running in directions at right angles to each other. The threads running lengthwise of the cloth are known as the warp, and those running across the warp are called weft or filling.

4 . The set of warp yarns is held firmly in position on a weaving line, called the loom, and the other set, called the filling, is wound on bobbins and put into shuttles which carry it over and under the warp yarns in such a way as to produce a cloth. 5.Fabric quality depends partly on the structure of the cloth, loauee structure is an important factor in the strength of the kbrlc and its wearing efficiency.

6. The method of interlacing the filling and warp is called the weave and it may vary to meet different conditions, Fог example, is desirable sometimes to have a very light fabric. On the other hand, there are times when it is necessary to have a very heavy fabric or perhaps one to be used for lining and to be able withstand friction. To obtain all the various weaves, the warp and filling yarns interlace in different ways.

7. There are many hundreds of different types of weaves to meet varying conditions under which the cloth is to serve for use. It is possible to classify all woven fabrics into the following large 'ions of weaves: lain weave and its variations. Twill weave and its variations.

1. Plain weave and its variations.

2. Twill weave and its variations.

3. Satin weave and its variations, including figure weaving.

8. Where, and when, and how did the first weavers find out howl like cloth? Nobody knows. The earliest history that has come to us tells of people who already knew how to weave. Women living in caves and lake villages made thread and wove it into cloth. We know this because their spindles and objects used in weaving have been found in the ruins of their dwellings. Even some cloth woven by Stone Age people has been found there.

9. Until the I8 th century the primitive hand loom known from the prehistoric times was used. It is only in the I8t'h century that the power driven loom was invented. The invention of a power loom was necessary to keep pace with the great output of yarns as spin­ ning machines were already driven by power owing to the inventions made in that field.

10. Due to this invention in a single generation the factory sys­tem seems to have completely taken the place of home weaving.

11. The next invention in weaving was the invention of a fly 'shut­ tle, the weaver could throw the shuttle and it would come back to his hand instead of his having to use the other hand to send it back - one motion did the work of two.

Due to this invention one weaver could weave broad cloth in­stead of two weavers who had to be formerly employed for that purpose.

Answer the following questions:

1. What does weaving resemble?

2. What does it consist of ?

3- How many sets of yarn must be used in weaving?

4. What are the threads running lengthwise called?

5.What is weft?

6.What machine performs the weaving?

7.What does the shuttle do?

8.On what does the strength of the fabric depend?

9.How are various weaves obtained?

10. What do you know about the history of weaving?

Вариант III

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Knitting

I . Knitting is the second of the fundamental methods of making fabrics. Instead of the two sets of threads lying at right-angles to each other that make up woven cloth, the structure of ordinary knitted fabric consists of a series of loops made from a single thread running continuously through the fabric.

2.Knitting may be thus defined as the interlacing of one continuous yarn in such a way as to form loops which are interlocked to make cloth.

3.Thus the essential element of knitting is the loop. A loop is ry small length of yarn, drawn through another loop. Each row of loops is linked up with the preceding row and is dependent on the loops which surround it.

4. Briefly, a knitted fabric is produced by making yarns into loops and connecting the loops together to form a fabric. If the yarns become broken in any place, the fabric will "run" or "ladder" for several stitches and leave a hole.

5.Owing to the nature of the texture, knitted goods are very elastic and yield readily to any movement of the body, taking the ipe of the wearer without causing discomfort. This makes it parcuticularly suitable for underwear. Due to the air spaces between the loops, knitted garments are usually warmer than those mmhIu from ordinary woven material.

6. There are two distinct types of knitted fabrics.

(a) Fabrics that are knitted with one continuous yarn, back forth across (or round and round) the fabric, are made either

circular or flat and are constructed to give elasticity - a necessary requirement for such items as hosiery, underwear, sweaters, gloves.

(b) Fabrics that are knitted with many yarns travelling in a more or less vertical direction. These fabrics differ in structure, appearance, and elasticity from the former ones. They are always flat fabrics and cannot be fashioned. They are very durable fabrics and do not "ladder" or "run"easily.

These fabrics, because of their non-laddering qualities, are now employed for gloves, dresses, shirts and all classes of underwear

7.Fоr certain purposes knitted fabrics of both the former and the latter type are superior to woven goods, and there is every reason to believe that a still greater expansion of the knitting industry will take place within some years.

8.There are two forms of knitting. The first form of knitting is hand knitting. We don't know who invented it,where and in what country.

9.Machine knitting is known to be first practised in the second half of the I6 th century. Its distinctive feature is the knitting needle. It is the needles, their placement and manipulation, that loop the yarn, forming a knitted fabric. There are two principal types of knitting needles, the "spring beard needle" and the "latch needle".

10. There are two kinds of knitting machines: circular and flat. The circular machine has the needles arranged in a circle arid produces a circular or tubular fabric, such as stockings, underclothing, bathing suits, etc. The flat machine has the needles arranged in a straight line, the action being from aide to side and consequently produces a flat fabric with edges.

11. Both circular and flat machines are equipped with one of the two types of needles - latch needles or spring needles. Knitting machines having been improved fabrics produced on them have prac­tically all the desirable characteristics of woven goods.