Вариант V

которое

I. Найдите и выпишите из трех слов, находящихся справа то, произносится как слово слева.

sale	sell	seal	sail
piece	peace	pies	peas
week	wick	weak	wake
heal	hail	hill	heel
fare	fear	fair	fewer

2.Перепишите предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1). То sleep well is necessary for health.

2). The main purpose of the telephone is to make communication easy.

3). He was the last to know the truth.

4). She asked us to help with her luggage.

3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните герундий и причастив I

-

Укажите их функцию в предложении.

1). While reading he made notes.

2). Why do you keep looking back?

3). This method is regarded as affording good results.

4). The taxi-driver couldn't avoid hitting the old woman

4. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1). Mother met her daughter shouting something loudly.

2). Having packed the things, he hurried to the station.

3). My partner having taken a credit, we were able to open a new shop.

4). The professor is considered as delivering interesting lectures.

5. Перепишите и письменно переведите условные предложения.

1). He won't go there unless he is invited.

2) If she came,. I should be glad.

3). The economic effect would have been increased many times,

if the service life of the instrument had been prolonged.

6. Распределите слова по частям речи.

smaller, adviser, wealth, twentieth, confident, engagement

7.Прочитайте текст. Перепишите письменно переведите заглавие и абзацы 1,3,4.

Holidays in the usa

1. People in every culture celebrate holidays. In the United States the word "holiday" is synonymous with "celebration". Although the word-"holiday" literally means "holy day", most American holidays are not religious. In the strict sense there are no national holidays in the United States. Sach of the • JjO states has jurisdiction over its holidays. In practice most states observe the federal ("legal") public holidays.

2. Ten holidays per year are proclaimed by the federal government as public holidays;

• New Year's Day - (January 1)

• Martin Luther King Day(traditional - January 15)

(official - third Monday in January)

- George Washington's Birthday(traditional - February 22)(official - third Monday in February)

- Memorial Day (traditional - May 30)(official - last Monday in May)

• Independence Day (July 4)

• Labour Day (first Monday in September)

• Columbus Day (traditional - October 12)(official - second Monday in October)

• Veterans'Day (traditional - November 11)(official - second Monday in November)

• Thanksgiving (fourth Thursday in November)

• Christmas (December 25).

3. Let's take one of these holidays - Thanksgiving. In 1620, a boat filled with more than one hundred people sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to settle in the New World. The first winter was difficult for them. They had arrived too late to grow many crops and half the colony died from disease. The following spring the Indians taught them how to grow corn (maize), how to hunt and fish. In autumn of 1621 crops of corn, barley, beans and pumpkins were harvested. The colonists invited Indians to their feast. The Indians brought deer to roast with the turkeys, popcorn. The colonists had learned how to cook cranberries and different kinds of corn and squash dishes from the Indiana.

4. Symbols of Thanksgiving are: turkey, corn (or maize), pumpkins and cranberry sauce.

Today Thanksgiving is a public acknowledgement of the Indians' role hundreds years ago. The first settlers would not have survived without their help.

5. Americans celebrate other holidays too, such as April Fool's Day, St.Valentine'e Day, Easter, etc.

Контрольное задание № 4

для студентов специальности "Охрана окружающей среды и рациональное использование природных ресурсов"

Вариант I

Man and Ecological Crisis

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. Man has brought an ecological crisis to the earth by destroyingliving environments. This crisis affects not only air, water, soil,plants and animals, but ultimately man himself. Paradoxically theworld's moat intelligent species often behaves like the most foolish. No species except man destroys the environment on which itdepends.

2. Cur planet 1s exposed to unbroken destruction as a consequenceof continuous increase in the number of human beings. The largerpopulations grow, the greater the number who must starve, the moreviolent the struggle for space.

3. It is not likely that man will be able to colonize other planets within the foreseeable future. Planet earth is man's onlyhope for continuous existence. Therefore it should be of greatconcern to everyone to devote thought to the environmental problem of the earth to try to make our planet biologically suitablefor human life. To achieve that fitness, we would have to livewhat would be e truly normal life for our species. We cannot attain such a goal if we forget that we ourselves are biologicalorganisms dependent on the natural environment.

4. Man's manipulation of environments almost always leads to anImpoverishment of habitants and species. This in turn lowers theenvironmental quality even in areas where initially the biological simplification of the landscape is economically successful for example, in crop monocultures. Man does not yet know how farhe dare go in rendering the environmental uniform, because thereare no measurement standards available. In fact, in the ecological sense there are hardly two areas alike. Despite this situation man simplifies the natural environment drastically and at adevastating rate.

5. Increased technological production coupled with increasinglylarger human societies is using up resources rapidly without compensating for them. In natural communities waste does not exist,because all living organisms become garbage, and this garbage forms the basis of the life and material resources of tomorrow. It is a perpetual system of life and death, death and life. Nothing in reality has been destroyed. Modern man has changed this simple but amazingly complex living system into a polluted system that threatens human welfare. The intensified man-made environmental pollution is creating cancers in the earth's living systems. Man's conduct and treatment of the environment have led to an ecological crisis. This crisis is inescapable, and will lead inevitably to a catastrophe if man does not begin to think ecologically and then resolutely employ the power of his brain.

6. How will today's tragic vandalism and shortsightedness be interpreted by tomorrow's generations? Natural values in the form of wild places, plants and animals will be appreciated far more fully in the future than at the present. There are already indications of changing attitudes. If the mankinds irresponsibly allow the present mismanagement to continue the people of the twentieth century will, despite their technological brilliance, go down in history as barbarians.

Answer the following questions:

1. In what way has man brought an ecological crisis?

2. What does the crisis affect?

3. Why will the environmental problems worsen with the growthof the population in future?

4. Why should everyone devote thought to the problems of ecology?

5. Where does man's manipulation of environments lead to?6.What's happening with the resources?

7.Why doesn't the waste in natural communities exist?

8.What does the polluted living system threaten?

9.What values will be appreciated in future?

10. In what way should man conduct and treat the environment?

Вариант II

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

Conservation for Survival

1. The human population in the world is increasing every minuteand this rate is accelerating. The chances for survival of otherlife forma continue to diminish as rapidly as their environmentsare destroyed by the rising tide of humanity. But like all otherpopulations man himself is dependent on the natural environment.We know from other species that uncontrolled growth in numberssooner or later leads to a catastrophe a population crash. Innature many barriers exist that prevent indefinite increase of populations. While man has bypassed many of the barriers that control his own numbers, he cannot escape then: forever. In the longrun his existence is based on the living world around him, end hela exposed to the same biological laws that govern animal population. That's why the problems of the renewable natural resources -- air, water, soil, vegetation and animals (including man), andthe necessity of conservation of nature are of vital importance.These are the resources essential to man's survival.

2. The essential factor in seeking to conserve nature is to understand the function of the ecosystem, the living landscape and theinterrelationship between living organisms and their environment.The ecosystem is the basic functional unit of life, a marvelouspyramid of interactions among which capture end turnover of energy,production and productivity, biogeochernical cycling, especially ofmineral nutrients, and so on are significant processes. A soundutilization of water, soils, plants and animals must be suitablyrelated to the long-term needs for maintaining and renewing theseresources. The central question is: How, where and when to harvestbiological resources?

3. To exploit then: wisely does not necessarily mean a direct economic profit. The manifold riches of nature are much more thaneconomic - the;4r are also social, cultural, scientific end aesthetic.

4. Since a man is a trustee of natural resources for generationsto follow, he has a moral obligation to administer this irreplaceable capital wisely and carefully. He cannot do much concerningsuch forces as the sun's energy, winds and tides, but he can contribute immensely to keeping the air and the water clean, the soilfertile, the vegetation diverse, and the animals abundunt. He must do it for the very survival of his own species, This means that man should try to reach a biological balance between his needs and nature's long-term capacity to satisfy them.

5. Humanity needs a global natural resources policy. The conservation of nature and natural resources, including habitants and wildlife, is a matter of such fundamental importance for the well-being of man that the matter should be of concern to governments of all nations. But it is necessary to look beyond national boundaries in order to avoid ecological crisis on a giant scale.

Answer the following questions:

1. •

   What is happening to the human population?

2. Why do the chances for survival continue to diminish?

3. Where does the uncontrolled growth lead to?

4. What is man's existence based on?

5. What resources are of vital importance for man's survival?

6. That is the ecosystem?

7. What is the central question of maintaining and renewing theresources?

8. What does it mean: to exploit the resources wisely?

9. Why does man have moral obligation?

10. What does humanity need?

Вариант III

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

The Environmental Crisis

1. The environmental crisis can be divided into three main categories: overpopulation, depletion and pollution.

2. In 1990 the world's population exceeded 5,3 billion, and it wasswelling at a rate of 1,7 % a year. This rate may not be seen veryhigh but it would mean a doubling of our numbers in only 41 years.Thi3 explosion of world population is an outgrowth of the industrial age. If the current rate of increase continues, man will rapidly approach a critical stape of survival in a world of destroyed and exhausted natural resources. Despite several decades of agricultural research aimed at increasing the food supply, one ofevery three persons living in the poor, developing nations is unable to find enough to eat. World-wide 12 million people die of starvation each year. (Human overpopulation is in fact the worst and basic form of environmental pollution),

2. As the world population continues to increase, many resources,necessary for human survival - and the survival of the millions

of species that share this planet with us - are falling into short supply.

3. The earth's supply of nonrenewable resources - those that cannot be generated, such as oil, silver, and coal - is finite, orlimited. Declining mineral supplies could cripple the world economyunless we make radical changes.

4. Even renewable resources, which have the capacity to regenerate,can be depleted if demand exceeds replenishment. Worldwide, 6 million hectares of cropland, pasture, and rangeland become desertevery year. Should this continue our farmland will disappear injust 300 years. With continued population growth and economic development biologists fear that the rate of extinction of speciescould climb to one species every hour by 2000. Pure populationpressure and excess consumption lie behind resource depletion.

But wasteful industrial processes that squander resources and produce excessive pollution are also at a root of our environmental crisis. Despite the many steps taken worldwide to defuse the crisis, problems continue and grow worse.

5. Air pollution is the most visible sign of the pollution crisis.Par more widespread, and perhaps more dangerous, are the problemsof acid deposition, global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion.

6. Modern society is as careless with its land and water as it iswith its air. Ill conceived and irresponsible waste disposalpractices have left a legacy of polluted ground water and contaminated land.

7. Another pollution problem is the millions of leaking underground storage tanks that are contaminating the nation's preciousgroundwater.

8. Many invisible, cancer-causing substances still pollute suchwaterways as lakes and rivers, threatening the health of thepeople.

9. These dramatic examples are only part of the problem, however.Less visible pollutants, such as acid precipitation and carbon dioxide, spawn a host of problems far more dangerous to our planet