Answer the following questions:

1. How many types of problems arise in the atmospheric pollutioncontrol?

2. Are all of the effects equally dangerous and harmful?

3. Which one is the most serious and why?

4. How do environmentalists explain the ozone thinning?

5. Why is the ozone layer so important for all living onthe earth?

6. What are CFCs responsible for?

7. What is CFC and where is it used?

8. What are the most dramatic predictions of NASA concerningthe problem?

9. What have laboratory experiments shown?

10. What steps should we take to avoid the situation?

Вариант V

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Environmental Protection

1. In 1815, the Tambora volcano in Indonesia exploded, emittingsuch a large quantity of dust, smoke and soot into the atmospherethat the average annual temperature of the planet dropped bу 1° С,This was enough for Europe and America to miss a summer and forthe crop there not to ripen in 1816. A hundred years later, in1915, there was a forest fire in Siberia. The fire, which destroyed 16 million hectares of forest, went on for several weeks,with smoke screening the Earth from the Sun. Grain crops failedand grass didn't grow over a huge ехраnsе.

2. Nature has modelled a "nuclear winter", having made a tiny copy from it for our edification.

3. The discovery of "nuclear winter" should, by the logic of common sense, make war a thing of the past.

4. Nature has been suffocating from industrial pollution for along time.

5. The figures of the Earth's ecological calamities are distressing. Forests are disappearing at the rate of 20 hectares perminute, or more than 500,000 hectares a year. The volume of atmospheric oxygen annually decreases by 10 billion tons - a conse-quence of the destruction of forests and the contamination of water reservoirs.

6. The planet's genetic fund has sustained irretrievable losses:hundreds of species of animals, birds, fishes and plants havedisappeared forever. All these figures, one being sadder than theother, show our race to ecological catastrophe. And althoughthis doesn't make things any easier, the understanding of thescale of calamities is one of the factors shaping a new mode ofthinking suitable for our time.

Ecology is a problem common for all mankind.

7. Now industrially developed states can not ignore the problemof environmental protection. The main aim in the policy of environmental protection is the development of technology to controlatmospheric and water pollution, the study of mаn's influence onthe climate, the forecasting of the earthquakes, biological andgenetic cosequences of pollution, protection of rare and vanishingplants and animals.

8. The land pollution results from the use of chemicals and pesticides.

Control of marine pollution is based on international conventions.

Many governments try to achieve clearer air. Total emission and average concentration of smoke in the air have fallen as the result of installation of special equipment.

Transport is one of the main offenders in noise pollution, and many measures are aimed at reducing noise.

Radiation has become subject to control of its possible effect, on health.

9. Popular movements that try to protect nature are common allover the world now. An international movement Greenpeace hasunited thousands of people and has achieved much success.

10. The industrial development has become so great now and theinfluence on the nature so harmful, that the problem of protecting nature is becoming vital. If people don't find the way todo it, life itself will soon come to end.

Answer the following questions:

1. What happened on the planet after the explosion of the volcano in 1815?

2. How did Europe and America suffer?

3. Where did a forest fire take place in 1915?

4. What has Nature modelled?

5. What shows the Earth’s ecological calamities?

6. In what way has the planet's genetic fund suffered?

7. What is the main aim in the policy of environmental protection?

8. How can the mankind fight all sorts of pollution?

9. Why is the problem of protecting the nature so vital now?

10. What do you know about Greenpeace?

Контрольное задание №4

для студентов специальности "Проектирование и технология изделий в сфере быта и услуг"

Вариант I

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Natural fibres

1. A sound knowledge of fabrics is absolutely necessary for everyperson who has sometimes to do with the sewing industry. Therearc four natural fibres which are known since long ago. They arecotton, linen, wool and silk which are still in use.

2. Cotton fabrics are known to be used thousands of years ago.There are two reasons for the popularity of cotton - its lowprice and its versatility. Cotton being one of the most versatilefibres is used for dresses, underwear, hosiery, blankets, curtains, upholstery, fabrics, etc.

3. Some cotton fibres having no natural twist are subjected tothe process of mercerisation and the fabrics to be obtained iscalled mercerised cotton. Cotton has a high tensile strength. Itconsists of 90 % cellulose and it burns very quickly. The cottonfibres conduct heat much more easily than animal fibres do andthey have a low electric conductivity. That ie why cotton iswound around some electric wires.

4. Cotton has a natural creamy-white colour. It absorbs waterslowly and dries slowly. No special care is needed in launderingcotton. Cotton fibres are not elastic. Batiste, chintz, damask,marquisette, muslin, organdy, poplin, rep and others are made of cotton.

5. Linen, obtained from the flax plant, is, perhaps, the oldest of all the woven materials used for clothing, and it is still best for strength. Linen absorbs water readily and dries more quickly than any other fibre. Linen feels smooth, cool and has a beautiful natural lustre. It is free from lint and doesn't stain easily. Bacteria do not live readily on it. These hygienic qualities make linen more adaptable for surgical use. It is a good conductor of heat because air penetrates it readily, Linen3 crush and wrinkle very easily. Linen fabrics may be made into table linens, laces, sheeting, toweling, clothing, sewing threads, shoe threads, etc. Because of its strength, good quality linen 16 a very durable fibre and will wear long. It is refreshed by washing, and ironing can be done at a somewhat higher temperature than cotton.

6. Wool was used for clothing thousands of years ago. If we lookaround, we shall see how many people wear wool in one form oranother- dresses, coats, overcoats, cardigans, and many otherarticles. Everybody knows wool to be used in warm and tropicalcountries as well as in cold ones, because it has a wonderfulpower of absorbing moisture and keeping the skin dry. Wool isthe most elastic fibre and it resists wrinkles and сrеases. It is thermostatic and its fibres act as a natural regulator of body temperature. This thermostatic action protects against heat as well as against cold. Wool fabrics hold their shape; drape gracefully, do not wrinkle easily, end easy to care for. Wool is divided into two main classes which are determined by the length of the fibres. These classes are worsted and woolens.

7. Worsted fabrics have a special lustre and clearent surfacewhich gives them a distinctly smart appearance. Only longest woolfibres are to be used. The worsteds cost more than the woolens.Being elastic worsted holds its shape perfectly well. Woolens aresofter than worsteds. Woolens are made of various kinds of woolof different lengths. Woolens don't hold their shape as well worsteds because of the softness of the cloth.

8. Silk is a natural fibre, it is long, smooth and strong. Theelasticity of silk helps to keep the fabrics from wrinkling andmakes the materials drape well. It is a delight to wear silk because of its lightness and smooth surface. Silk is the most durable and the strongest textile known. It is excellent for warmth.The beautiful appearance of silk fabrics, their lustre and theiraffinity for dyes, all help to make them suitable for people with fine tastes. Silk may be laundered or dry-cleaned in the same was аs other fabrics are.

9. The uses of silk are as varied as its advantages, as may be seen by a glance over the following list: women's dresses, blouses, shirts, hats, ribbons, hosiery, bathing suits, typewriter ribbons, etc.

Answer the following questions:

1. What are four well-known natural fibres?

2. What are some of the characteristics and properties of cotton?

3. .What kinds of fabrics can be made of cotton?

4. What are main characteristics and properties of linen?

5. Why la linen adaptable for surgical use?

6. What can we make of linen?

7. What are some of the characteristics and properties of wool?

8. What is the difference between worsteds and woolens?

9. What properties of silk do you know?10. What kinds of apparel are made of silk?

Вариант II

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Man-Made Fibres

1. In the mid-twentieth century man had found out how to makea fabric out of coal, air and water.

2. Nylon is one of the synthetics. Nylon is a fibre in which thevery molecules composing it are man-made. It is a true synthetic.Nylon is composed of four elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogenand oxygen. Nylon is smooth, strong, elastic and light in weight.It absorbs very little moisture and dries quickly. Nylon is knownto be used for hosiery, undergarments and some dresses. Fabricsmade of nylon do not need to be pressed so often. Nylon usagegoes far beyond that of apparel; it goes into curtains fabrics,lace and taffetas, it is used for hosiery, underwear, knitted fabrics, tire cords, tents, in short, nylon is used everywhere.

3. Because silk wa3 desirable but costly, many attempts were madeto create it artificially. The most popular way of manufacturingrayon is by the viscose process. Rayon is known to be a man-madefibre too. It Is composed of wool pulp which is a form of cellulose converted into a thread formation by means of chemical and mechanical processes.

4. The smooth slippery surface of rayon is resistant to friction.Other fabrics do not stick to rayon. This makes it particularlydesirable for underwear. Rayon is more resistant to perspirationthan other fibres. It absorbs pespiration, keeping the skin dryand comfortable. Rayon does not provide a favourable medium forthe growth of bacteria. Rayons are not so strong as silks. It hasless elasticity than silk and it creases more easily. In order toovercome this defect resins axe added. Rayon is used to supplementthe defects of the materials such as cotton, linen, wool and givethem a new style significance, as for example when it is combinedwith linen to make it less crushable. Rayon turns up in hosierysport and dress fabrics, tablecloths, linings, etc.

5. Each man-made fibre has certain characteristics which make itmost appropriate for certain purposes. For example, only in recent,years we have had stretch yarns. Products knitted from nylon уаrnswhich have been texturised to impart a permanent twist or crimp

do not need to have so many sizes. Two or three are enough to fit everybody because of their stretch. Such yarns are used to make socks, bathing suits and all kinds of underwear, gloves, surgical stockings and many other garments.

6. Wash-and-wear and easy-eare fabrics and garments are widely inuse now. Wash-and-wear garments are those that will satisfactorily retain their original neat appearance after repeated wearand laundering with little if any touch-up ironing. This meansthat the garment will retain any pressed-in creases or pleats and be essentially free from undesirable wrinkles both during wear and after laundering.

7. Fabrics printed or those woven or knitted in patterns and colours appear to be more satisfactory than plain colours or whitebecause creases and fine wrinkles are less apparent. Light coloursare more successful than dark colours for the same reasons. Thedesign of the garment also has considerable influence oh wrinkle-free appearance. Because the fabrics must be treated before thegarments are cut and sewn, for wash-and-wear apparel, usuallypatterns with few seams are more successful than those with manyseams.

Answer the following questions:

I. When did synthetics come to life?

2. What is nylon? What are the properties of nylons?

3. Where is nylon used?

4. What is rayon? What properties of rayon do you know?

5. What does rayon turn up in?

6. Why is rayon used to supplement the defects of some materials?

7. What do you know about stretch yarns?

8. What are wash-and-wear and еаsу-саге fabrics?

9. What colours of fabrics printed appear to be more satisfactory?Why is it so?

10. What man-made fibres do you know?

Вариант III

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Design analysis of the dress

1. "Dress" is an important art, and it always has been. Everyarticle of clothing is the personal art expression of a peoplewho created it. There are basic standards by which we judge theart quality of clothing, whether it was created two hundred yearsago or today.

2. Generally speaking, there are only three types of clothing:I. The anatomic type Includes what are known as tailor-made garments. They originated in a cold climate. The type of costumewould consist of a close-fitting jacket or shirt and tight trousers or shirt. 2. The draped type of clothing originated in thoseregions where weaving was first invented. This type is associatedwith a mild climate. Long lengths of material are arranged overthe body to hang in loose folds. The material is never cut andseldom sewn. The Greek and Roman costumes are known, o be excellent examples of draped clothing. 3. The composite type, аз nameimplies, is clothing in which both draping and tailoring areused. Such are the garments of today. We are adapting ourselvesto a man-made climate by wearing fewer end lighter clothes in ourwell-heated houses, public buildings and transport.

3. Any garment must be judged in two ways: it should have finedesign qualities, and, it should be nicely related to the figure.As a rule simple styles cut on good basic lines, look well onmost figures. The elements of any design are: lines, shapes, textures, colours. It goes without saying that all these elementsshould be taken into consideration. A design has unity when all these elements seem to be long together. Each element should express a similar idea of giving the design a well-related quality-feeling of "oneness"*.

4. The principle of proportion concerns the relationship thatexists between shapes, sizes, and amounts in a design. First, thedesign of every garment should be related to the structure andproportions of the body; second, every article in the costumeshould be in scale* with the figure (no huge prints for a tinygirl, for example). Third, a design is more pleasing when unequalamounts of colour are used.

5. The principle of balance controls the placement of lines andshapes and the distribution of colours in design. The principle ofRhythm controls the "eye movement"* in a design. When lines, shapes,textures and colours are well organized they help one to achieveharmony among the elements of a design.

6. The appearance of the figure may be influenced by: I) the structural lines of the dress (i.e. the position of the armhole, theposition and direction of the seams), 2) the shape of the neckline, 3) the amount of the fullness in dress, 4) the position ofthe decorations, 5) the length of the dress, 6) the width and position of the belt.

7. Structural lines need to be considered much in planning a dress.In determining the right position for the armhole, the width ofthe shoulders must be considered. As it is known any vertical linehas a tendency of adding height because it carries the eye up anddown the figure. Obligue lines will seem to take away some widthand add a little height. The neckline is known to change the shapeof the face.

8. A dress may be spoiled by the character or quantity of its decoration. The decoration should harmonize in colour and texturewith the material. The length of the dress is considered to havea definite effect on the figure. A long clinging dress appears toadd height. In determining the length of your dress you need to be guided both by the fashion and by the peculiarities of your figure. The design of the dress is greatly influenced by the kind of fabric. Colour also has a great effect in dress' designing. You may have a dress which is pleasing in design, but if the colour combination is not attractive, the effect of design may be lost.

9. Taking into consideration all these elements one can make afine creation.

oneness - единство

should be in scale - должна соответствовать

eye-movement - плавное движение глаз