Aim of the iaea are:

• using of atomic energy for supporting peace, health and prosperity;

• no using of atomic energy in military sphere.

Warrants of the IAEA spread on 95% nuclear devices, except 5 states, which have nuclear weapons (Great Britain, China, Russia, USA, and France).

IAEA formed institutions, which consultates and exchanges information on technical, economic and financial aspects for development of atomic energy(conferences, edition, formation of information systems and others).

For control on using nuclear fuel IAEA analyzes information about world markets and producing uranium. Information about world uranium resources, it’s demand and supply publishes in “Red Book”.

• For liquidation radioactive waste IAEA elaborates principles and norms for process and burence;

• IAEA has own unique center system for extraordinary situation;

• Biological activity: nuclear physics, development of investigation reactors, nuclear synthesis etc.

Laboratory of the IAEA in Zaibersdorf realizes programs in sphere of agriculture, medicine and industry, geology, physics and chemistry. Laboratory of the IAEA on maritime environment in Monaco investigates of consequences of burence in sea and using of nuclear and technologies for widening knowledge about maritime environment. International Center of theoretical physics in Trieste, supporting by the IAEA, UNESCO and government of Italy organizes international cooperation in industrial developed states scientists. International Nuclear Information System offers information on problems of peaceful using of nuclear investigation technologies.

1. World Trade Organization till 1994 was named General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (gatt). Gatt was signed in 1947. Gatt entered to the un. Functions of the gatt:

• developed of state trade policy, by elaboration of world trade rules;

• forum for negotiations on liberalization;

• regulation on arguments.

Aim of the gatt is:

• provision security of international trade relations by liquidation any forms of custom and other trade limitation;

• liquidation of any forms of discrimination, protection by custom taxes, quantities, import limitation, encouragement of regional trade agreements, privilege regime for developing states, particular regulation norms on textile and clothes.

GATT consists of:

• Session of contacting parties is a High Body of the GATT;

• Council of the GATT lead current business;

• Permanent committees controlled agreements;

• Secretariat headed by Principle General provided GATT organs activity.

International Trade Center in Geneva assisted to developed states in elaboration and realization export stimulation programs, and operations.

Eight “Trade Rounds” for liberalization world trade were held till 1994. Conclusion Act of Uruguay round was signed in 1994 by 118 states. New multisided system of international trade was formed and GATT was replaced by WTO. Conclusion Act are:

• Agreement about foundation of the WTO;

• Agreement about custom tariffs;

• Uruguay Protocol;

• General Agreement on service trade;

• Memorandum on argument regulation procedure;

• Procedure on control for trade policy treated sides etc.

WTO was formed on January 1, 1995. It’s legislative base of multisided trade system. Aim of the WTO is commercial and economic direction of state-members on increasing level life through growth of production, trade exchange by goods and services, using of raw materials for long term development, protection and preservation of environment.

Main functions of the WTO are:

• preparation and realization of multisided trade agreements;

• giving possibilities for multisided negotiations in trade sphere;

• regulation arguments in trade spheres;

• fulfillment control on trade policy;

• cooperation with other international institutions on problems of world economics.

Structure of the WTO:

Conference of Ministers is a high body of the WTO, convokes ones in two years.

General Council rules by Current business, and acts as Arbitrage Committee and Committee on control for trade legislative realization. General Council gives powers to other bodies – Council on trade by goods, Council on trade by services, Council on protection of author rights.

Bodies, founded by Conference of Ministers, submitted to General Council:

• Committee on Trade and Development;

• Committee on Payment;

• Committee on Trade and ecology;

• Committee on Budget, Finance, and Administration.

WTO is headed by Principle General, who has four deputies.

Secretariat provides meetings, negotiations and realization of agreements. Main function is an assistance of export aid to developing and non-developing states. Secretariat is situated in Geneva.

Budget of the WTO is 83$. Part of the budget is sent to the International Trade Center.

Glossary

Maritime environment	Морская среда	Теңіз кеңістігі
Device	устройство	Құрылғы
Fuel	топливо	Отын
Burance	захоронение	Жерлеу
Therapy	терапия	Терапия
Particular	особое	ерекше

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about IAEA activity.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Perspectives of the WTO in Kazakhstan and Central Asian Region”.

Home tasks: Explain “What differences between GATT and WTO”

List of the reference on the theme

1. Международные организации системы ООН. – М., 1990, с.177-189

2. Организация Объединенных Наций. Сб.документов.- М., 1981, с.199-203

3. Улахович В. Международные организации. Справочное пособие. Москва. Минск, 2005, с.127-136

Lecture 13

Theme of the lecture: European Union

The objective of the lecture. Students should know main aims, activity, structure, and perspectives of the EU.

Outline of the lecture

1. History of the EU.

2. Unification of Coal and Steel.

The brief content of the lecture

1. European Union is an integration organization. Main aim is building of close Union of European nationalities. Any European state has right to be a member of the EU, following “Principles of freedom, democracy, respect of human rights”. Level of economic development should been corresponds to the middle EU index.

Idea of European Unification was formed in the middle ages. In 1923 Kudenhovi-Kalergy is Pan-European movement leader called to create United States of Europe, based on the experience of Switzerland unification in 1848, unification of Germany in 1871 and USA in 1776. In 1926 he organized Pan-European Union, which was headed by A.Brian (Minister of Foreign Affairs of France).

During the II WW governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia attempted to form “political and economic association”. On January 23, 1942 agreement was concluded about foundation of Polish-Czechoslovakian confederation after the II WW. Foundation of Danube and Balkan Federation was discussed. Project about foundation of Federation, including Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, and France discussed.

In 1942 negotiations between representatives of emigrant governments of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Greece, Yugoslavia and Committee “Free France” about foundation of “European Community” was held in London. On September 5, 1944 Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg governments signed agreement about foundation of Custom Union after the war.

2. On May 9, 1950 Minister of Foreign Affairs of France R.Schuman published declaration, which later was called “Declaration of 9 March 1950”. In this declaration he plainly stated the idea of the association conducting industries of Germany and France in unification of coal and steel. Later this Declaration was supported by Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg. The day of May 9, was declared as “The day of Europe” and from this date officially reckons the beginning of the European integration.

In the beginning of 1957 the heads of the States and Governments of six European countries decided to meet and to sign “The Rome Agreement”. This agreement included all economic spheres, in the field of currency, trade, society and taxes. This agreement started to function from January 1,1958.

Formation of European Economic Community is second stage to the way of European integration. In the 70-80-s countries as Great Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Spain, Portugal and Greece were admitted to the European Economic Community. Later in the middle of 90-s Sweden, Finland and Austria were accepted to EE Community.

Successes of the European Economic Community gave an opportunity to raise the question about unification of European Association of coal and steel, European Economic Community and Euro atom into unique European Community. It was happened in 1986, when the Unique European Act was signed.

An important role on the path leading to European integration occupies by “Maastricht treaty” (Holland), it was signed by 15 member states of European countries. From this period EU Community transformed to European Union. “Maastricht treaty” sat up unique European currency-euro, also it established the institute of external policy coordination and security of the member countries of European Union.

An important role in the life of European Union was played by “Amsterdam treaty”, which was signed in 1997 and, especially the Summit of the EU countries, which was held in 2000, in Nice. At the Summit in Nice were accepted important document, which sum up a fifty years stage of the European integration. There were accepted the Charter of the basic rights of the EU; decision about the creation of European army; decision about acceptance of a new members of the EU.

At present time EU in the process of integration into the new stage of its development, namely to the formation of political union of Europe, admission of the new state Central and Eastern Europe. EU consists of 25 countries: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.

Applicant countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Turkey.

Glossary

Unique	единый	Бірлестірілген
Reckon	считать, полагать	Жорамалдау
Admit	вступать	Кіру, ену
Conduct	вести	жұргізу

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about history of European integration projects.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “TACIS program in Kazakhstan and Central Asian Region ”.

Home tasks: Is it possible entrance of Kazakhstan to the EU or not? Explain why?