5. Complete the sentences

1. Location of openings and mode of entry should be planned to ____________

2. Many large mines and collieries maintain ______________

3) Importance of these points varies with _______and ________and method of haulage.

4. Haulage problems, especially in flat seams influence ______________

5. Methods of handling in _______, dip of ______and plans of ________are also interrelated.

6) Ventilation may require that all development openings be run ________

LESSON 5

1 Read the texts and translate them.

Purpose and importance of prospecting

Before any mining enterprise can be begun, the locality of the mineral has to be thoroughly investigated in order to ascertain its nature, the properties of the mineral mined, its richness (amount in per cent), thickness, and a real extent of the deposit, and thus the reserves of the mineral, the shape of the deposit, the nature of the overlying and underlying beds, especially of the immediate roof and floor of the deposit, the inflow of water, the presence of firedamp or other gasses, the necessity for and manner of ore dressing, etc. it is on all these various factors that the size of the proposed mining enterprise depends as well as the way in which it will be equipped, the manner of mining, the cost of installation, and the profitableness of the enterprise. This preliminary work is called Prospecting and Exploration. By term prospecting we often mean the search for minerals.

to ascertain – устанавливать

the overlying and underlying beds – налегающие и низлежащие пласты

ore dressing – обогащение руды

Breaking with hammerpicks

As the work with picks in hard rocks is difficult and tiring and the performance small, machines have been constructed which are mainly only picks, but the edge of the pick is driven into the rock by a hammer operated by compressed air. The hammer driving the picks is set in a cylinder into which compressed air is introduced. The air presses the hammer and transmits to it short but sufficient shocks of great velocity – 1,500 to 2,000 blows per minute. The short but numerous impacts drive the wedge-shaped edge of the hammerpick quickly and the performance is considerable.

the wedge-shaped edge – клинообразная кромка

2 Знайдіть в тексті слова, схожі з українською мовою, які ви зможете зрозуміти без перекладу і які є помилковими друзями перекладача.

3. Знайдіть в тексті речення із вживанням Passive Voice.

4 В кожному реченні знайдіть ключове слово, або словосполучення.

LESSON 7

Task 1. Read the text, divide it into parts and give them the names.

MINING PROCESSES AND MINING EQUIPMENT

Mining is an occupation which calls for the full and divide attention of those who are engaged in it. At present such processes as drilling, loading, haulage, hoisting and transportation are highly mechanized using the mining equipment of modern design to meet the new requirements.

D r i l l i n g is done by means of drills, electric bores, and rotary and churn drill rigs. The power driven drill is used for drilling blast holes in underground workings and in some quarries as well. Drills of different kinds are used for work in horizontal and vertical workings: 1) the jackhammer is a light hand-held drill used in drifts and crosscuts; 2) the drifter is the heaviest type of drills and is mounted on a column; 3) the stopper was developed for work in narrow places where it would be difficult to use a drill column and where the holes are pointed in an upward direction.

B l a s t i n g is done by means of caps and special fuses or electric blasting caps, the hole being fired simultaneously or with delays.

L o a d I n g m a s h I n e s are driven by compressed air or by electricity. These machines, on account of their high first cost and their large capacity, can be profitably used only where there is a plentiful supply of ore and where cars can be supplied as needed. The large type is suitable for work in tunnels, large drifts and open stopes. Drifts must be at least 8ft. by 8ft. for satisfactory operation of these machines. The smaller type will work in drifts as small as 5 by 7ft.

Loading machines most used in quarry work and on surface are power shovels or excavators.

There are two common types of power shovels: first, the small revolving shovel with dippers ranging from ½ sq.m. in capacity, and second, large revolving shovels with dippers to 15sq.m. in capacity and boom ranging from 4 m. to 20m. in length. Most shovels now are equipped with caterpillar traction; this eliminates the need of laying a track and adds greatly to the mobility of the shovel.

Electric shovels are rapidly coming into favor at mines. These are of two kinds: the A.C. shovel driven by alternating current and D.C. machine driven by direct current.

Dragline (excavator) is a machine that competes successfully with power shovel in many cases. It is selfcontained and revolves in a full circle. At the end of the long room is a sheave over which a hoisting rope passes to a special bucket, which is hauled toward the machine by a second rope, thus picking up its load like a scraper. As soon as the bucket is filled it is lifted into the air; the excavator is turned until the boom is above the dump, and the bucket is discharged.

The dragline excavator has a longer reach than the power shovel, but it is not so convenient for loading into wagons or cars.