4) Individual Cultures

In organizations of this type freedom of expression is valued the MOST. Effectiveness of any activity in these organizations is rated by how much the activity satisfies the staff rather than by how well it conforms to the company’s business plans. Independence, creativity, and innovation are highly valued in these types of organizations.

Highlights: Freedom of expression and individualism are highly valued. People in the organizations are valued more highly than the “bottom line”. Independence, creativity, and innovation are all highly valued as well.

Lesson 10: English Grammar Exercise Common Root Words

The following is a chart of common root words in the English language. By learning the meanings of root words you will be able to understand a greater variety of words just by knowing the root of a word. Even if you don’t know what a word really means, you will be able to guess at its meaning and figure out its what is being said based upon the root word and sentence context.

Root	Meaning	Examples
Aqua	Water	Aquatic, Aquarium
Arch	Ruler	Monarch, Anarchy
Astro	Star	Astronomy, Astronaut
Bene	Good	Beneficial, Benevolent
Bio	Life	Biology, Biography
Chrom	Color	Chromatic, Monochrome
Corp	Body	Corpse, Corporation
Cycl	Round	Encyclopedia, Cyclical
Dict	Say	Dictionary, Predict
Fort	Strong	Effort, Fort
Leg	Law	Legal, Legitimate
Log	Study, Word	Zoology, Ecology
Manu, Mani	Hand	Manual, Manipulate
Mar	Sea	Maritime, Submarine
Path	Feeling, Pain	Sympathy, Pathologist
Ped, Pod	Foot	Pedicrure, Tripod
Phil	Love	Philosophy, Bibliophile
Phon	Sound	Telephone, Phonology
Photo	Light	Photon, Photograph
Poli	City	Metropolitan, Politics
Scope	See	Microscope, telescope
Tact	Touch	Tactile, Contact
Vac	Empty	Vacuum, Evacuate
Ver	True	Verify, Veracity
Vert, Vers	Turn	Convert, Reverse

Exercise a: Define the underlined words based upon sentence context and the chart above.

1) He is a doctor in the field of astrophysics.

2) She has a very versitale personality.

3) Dolphins are some of the most popular marine animals.

4) It would be beneficial for you to follow the doctor’s advice.

5) The study of phonetics in a second language is difficult.

6) A submarine uses a periscope when it is underwater.

7) He has a doctoral degree in podiatry.

8) Very few countries are still governed by a monarchy.

9) You will have to shift the gears of the car manually.

10) He has dedicated his life to the field of Sociology.