- •Some words and expressions for ordering and arranging the parts of an essay2.
- •Indicate which of the three linkers is the correct one.
- •2. Add the linking devices in the boxes to each paragraph
- •1. Incorporating one of the sentences below, write a paragraph which demonstrates a range of structures and a range of descriptive vocabulary4.
- •2. Replace each word or phrase underlined with one of the more formal words given.
- •3. Look at the examples of formal language and rephrase the underlined phrases into informal language.
- •Inversion is a useful way of adding emphasis both when you are speaking and when you are writing.
- •1. Match the sentences halves.
- •2. Use inversion to make these sentences more emphatic.
- •1. Translate the sentences paying special attention to the words in bold.
- •Rewrite these sentences using the verb in brackets and making any other necessary changes.
- •1. Underline the nominalised phrases in these examples.
- •2. Rewrite each sentence using all the prompt words.
- •Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. (Do not change the word given.)
- •1. Look at the newspaper snippets and match the words in bold with their explanations.
- •2. Look at the extracts from essays and use the words in bold from the previous exercise to improve their style, making the underlined words more formal.
- •1. Match the words often found in academic writing with their explanation.
- •2. Which of the five verbs from the previous exercise best fits in each sentence?
- •Match the adjectives often found in academic writing with their explanation.
- •Which of the five adjectives best describes each of these things?
- •Answer these questions which use vocabulary from b.
- •1. Give your own examples making use of these phrases
- •2. Here are some phrases we use to show we are undecided and are considering issues. Underline the ones which are typical of academic writing.
- •3. All these gaps, except one, can be filled by the same verb. What is the verb and what is the exception?
- •4. Rewrite each of the following sentences using prompt words so that it is as close as possible in meaning to the printed sentence.
- •Fill each of the numbered blanks with one suitable word.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. (Do not change the word given.)
Any traveler to the sub-continent obviously has to have a valid passport.
Obligatory
Possession……………………………………any traveler to the sub-continent.
Beethoven’s late quartets have been very influential on modern composers.
Exerted
Beethoven’s late quartets ………………………………….. on modern composers.
One is constantly afraid of violence in some large cities.
Threat
There ……………………………………………… in some large cities.
Connecting ideas
Complete the sentences with the most appropriate word or phrase from the box.
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However much, no matter, otherwise, unless, whatever, whether or not
There will continue to be little trust between business partners on the web ………… a system for online guarantees is set up.
………… how hard we work, we’ll fail if we don’t adopt the new technology.
Start-ups have to deliver on their promises, …………there is no long-term future for them.
………… you see the web as a real world-wide opportunity, both your customers and competitors will soon be equally global.
………… the future holds, let’s go digital and be on the winning side.
………… you work on your web side design, remember that having a really appealing business offer is the most important success factor.
Explaining, reinforcing, exemplifying
1. Look at the newspaper snippets and match the words in bold with their explanations.
The Prime Minister reiterated1 his concern that the debate should not be dominated by personal attacks. |
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Mr Burns’ comments epitomize2 the attitude of many parents nowadays.
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It was a philosophy first expounded3 by John Ruskin in the nineteenth century.
The recent events underscore4 the need for a better understanding of the environmental impact ob biotechnology. |
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Several historians have posited5 a connection between the decline of the Roman Empire and the eruption of a far distant volcano …
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In an attempt to account for6 the lack of interest, political analysts have looked at past voting patterns.
suggested as a basic fact/principle
developed, proposed
emphasize
explain, find the cause of
are a perfect example of
repeated, restated
2. Look at the extracts from essays and use the words in bold from the previous exercise to improve their style, making the underlined words more formal.
The response from the public really shows us the importance of having a full investigation of the facts.
This view of the world was originally laid out by the Ancient Greek philosophers.
It is not easy to find the reason for the fall in population of these birds.
Economists have said there might be a link between exchange rates and a general lack of confidence in the European Union.
I should like to say again here that the issue is not one that can be easily resolved.
The recent events are the best example of the dilemma faced by politicians the world over.
Presenting arguments and commenting on other’s work
Useful vocabulary