- •Содержание
- •Введение
- •1 Orenburg State University (Pre-Intermediate)
- •1.1 Repeat the following words and phrases first after the teacher and then do it independently
- •1.2 Find Russian equivalents
- •1.3 Find pairs of synonyms
- •1.4 Guess the word judging by the definition
- •1.5 Read the following sentences. Choose one of the appropriate words
- •1.6 Read the following sentences. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words
- •1.7 Read the text and then choose one sentence which reflects the main idea of the text
- •1.8 Correlate the beginning of the following sentences on the left to the end of the sentences on the right. Read these sentences
- •1.13 Make up your own dialogues using the material of ex 1.12
- •1.14 Read the text and do the assignments that follow
- •1.21 Read the sentences. Change the Present Simple into the Past Simple
- •1.22 Read the sentences. Give the negative and interrogative forms of these sentences
- •1.23 Use the appropriate verb forms in the following sentences
- •1.24 Answer the following questions
- •2 Orenburg State University (Intermediate)
- •2.1 Meeting osu
- •2.2 Comprehensive Reading
- •2.3 Interchange: Studying abroad
- •2.4 Practice your writing skills
- •2.5 Translate into Russian in the written form
- •2.6 Listening
- •2.7 Discussion
- •2.8 Dialogues
- •2.9 Refresh Your Grammar
- •2.10 Supplementary
- •3 Student’s Day
- •3.1 Learning and using new vocabulary
- •Wednesday, Sunday, Saturday, Monday, Thursday, Friday, Tuesday
- •3.2 Text “My working day”
- •3.3 Comprehensive reading
- •3.3.2 Read the description of a typical day in the life of Queen Elizabeth II and find
- •3.4 Texts for translation in the written form
- •3.5 Listening
- •3.6 Speaking
- •After dinner sit a while, after supper walk a mile
- •3.7 Refreshing your grammar
- •3.7.1 Present Simple
- •In the year 3000
- •3.8 Some fun
- •Leisure
- •4 Orenburg Region
- •4.1 Read the new words according to the transcription; mind their pronunciation and meaning
- •4.2 Pay attention to the meaning of the words, belonging to the group of mineral resources. Mind their pronunciation
- •4.3 Read the text. Translate it
- •4.4 Answer the questions to the text
- •4.5 Arrange items for the plan according to the text
- •4.6 Speak about the Orenburg region according to the plan
- •4.7 Find the equivalents
- •4.8 Find the equipment
- •4.9 Pronounce the following words
- •4.10 Read the following international words
- •5 Russia
- •5.1 Unit 1. The Russian Federation
- •5.2 Unit 2. State System of Russian Federation
- •5.3 Unit 3. Moscow
- •5.4 Unit 4. Moscow is a cultural centre of Russia
- •5.5 Unit 5. From the History of Moscow
- •5.6 Unit 6. The Kremlin
- •5.7 Unit 7. St. Petersburg
- •5.8 Unit 8. Tretyakov gallery
- •5.9 Unit 9. Comprehension reading
- •5.9.8 Vocabulary. Pronounce the following words
- •6 Great Britain (Pre-Intermediate)
- •6.1 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- •7 Great Britain (Intermediate)
- •7.2 Post-Text Exercises
- •7.3 Supplementary Reading
- •8 United States of America
- •8.1 Unit 1. The United States of America (The usa)
- •8.2 Unit 2. The history of the usa
- •8.3 Unit 3. Christopher Columbus The discovery of America
- •Christopher Columbus The discovery of America
- •8.4 Unit 4. Political system of the usa
- •8.5 Unit 5. George Washington
- •8.6 Unit 6 Washington d. C.
- •8.7 Unit 7 New York
- •8.8 Unit 8 Holidays in the usa
- •8.9 Unit 9 Mark Twain
- •Список использованных источников
5.6 Unit 6. The Kremlin
5.6.1 Text
The Kremlin is the heart of Moscow. It is surrounded by a high wall of 2l/2 kilometers long, built by the Russian builders by order of Ivan III (1462-1505), and supervised by Italian architects. The twenty towers on the Kremlin wall, which give it a unique aspect, were built for decoration and have no military significance. They were constructed in the century when Moscow had ceased to be a fortress. Among the ancient buildings in the Kremlin are the churches and a tall bell tower built in 1600 by Russian architects under Boris Godunov and known as the Веll Tower of Ivan the Great. The largest cathedral, the Uspenski (Assumption), was built in 1475-1479 by Aristotle Fiorovante. There are some very fine old frescoes, some of which were restored in the XX-th century. It was there that the Russian tsars and emperors were crowned.
The Archangel Cathedral was built in 1505 by the Italian architect, Aleviso Novy. The tombs of the Moscow princes and tsars are here, among them the graves of Ivan the Terrible, of his son Ivan, and of his second son, Tsar Fyodor. The Blagoveshchensky (Annunciation) Cathedral was built in 1484 by architects from Pskov. It’s noted for the unusual oil paintings done in the fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries by Andrei Rublev and his pupils, the greatest artists of the time.
Facing the same square is a very beautiful building known as Granovitaya Palata (Palace) which was built in the end of the 15th century by Marco Ruffo and Pietro Solari. In this palace the Moscow tsars held magnificent receptions in honour of foreign ambassadors. The Granovitaya Palace is connected with the enormous Grand Kremlin Palace.
Among other historical monuments in the Kremlin are the Tsar Cannon (sixteenth century) and the Tsar Bell (eighteenth century), both of enormous size and made by Russian masters. In a large wing of the Palace is the Armory and a Museum of Applied Arts where imperial collections of utensils, furniture, weapon and garments of eastern and western workmanship are on display.
In the north-eastern section of the Kremlin is a beautiful building of classic design built by the most famous Russian architect of the eighteenth century, M.Kazakov. In the square opposite this building is the former Arsenal, along the facade of which are numerous cannons captured by the Russian Army from Napoleon in 1812-1814.
5.6.2 Vocabulary. Pronounce the following words
to be surrounded by smth. – быть окруженным чем-либо
by order of – по приказу (кого-либо)
to be supervised by smb. – под руководством кого-либо
to cease to be a fortress – перестать быть крепостью
a bell tower – колокольня
Ivan the Great – Иван Великий
a cathedral – собор
to be restored – быть отреставрированным
a tsar – царь
an emperor – император
to be crowned – быть коронованным
the tombs of princes and tsars – гробницы князей и царей
a grave – могила
the greatest artist of the time – величайший художник своего времени
to face the square– выходить на площадь
magnificent - пышный
to hold receptions in honor of smb. – проводить приемы в честь кого-либо
a foreign ambassador – иностранный посол
the Grand Kremlin Palace – Большой Кремлевский дворец
the Tsar Cannon – Царь-пушка
the Tsar Bell – Царь-колокол
a wing – крыло
the Armoury – Оружейная палата
a Museum of Applied Arts – Музей прикладного искусства
an imperial collection – императорская коллекция
utensils – предметы быта
a garment – предмет одежды
to be on display – выставляться, экспонироваться
a building of classic design – здание в классическом стиле
5.6.3 Questions. Answer the questions upon the text
1 What is the history of the Kremlin towers?
2 When and what for were the Kremlin towers built?
3 What are the Kremlin cathedrals famous for?
4 What are the other famous buildings facing the same square?
5 What is there in the northern section of the Kremlin?
5.6.4 Translate into English
1 Кремль окружен стеной с 20 башнями, построенными для украшения и не имеющими военного значения.
2 Древние постройки Кремля включают церкви, колокольню Ивана Великого и относятся к 15-18 векам. (date back to)
3 Церкви Соборной площади известны своими фресками и гробницами царей.
4 В Успенском соборе короновали царей и императоров.
5 В Грановитой палате давали приемы в честь иностранных послов.
6 В Оружейной палате хранятся мебель, одежда и оружие из царских коллекций.
5.6.5 Find in the text the English equivalents for
1) быть окруженным чем-либо;
2) перестать быть крепостью;
3) Оружейная палата;
4) Царь-пушка;
5) иностранный посол;
6) выходить на площадь;
7) быть коронованным;
8) гробницы князей;
9) величайший художник своего времени;
10) предметы быта;
11) здание в классическом стиле;
12) Музей прикладного искусства;
13) предмет одежды;
14) выставляться.