1. Read the text

The twentieth century is the first century of self-conscious, total design at every level of our living and environment. Care and vision in application of design are demanded in every aspect of modern life - from our kitchens and bathrooms, to our factories and workshops, from our clothes and domestic objects, to the packaging of pocket calculators or the structuring of plastic dining chairs.

Although the word has been used since at least the fifteenth century, when Italian writers spoke of 'disegno' in describing the quality of line possessed by an image, in all essentials 'design' is an industrial or post-industrial concept. With the introduction of mass-production, the people who invented ideas for objects became separated from the people who made them who, again, were separated from the people who sold them. The industrial revolution also created the concept of the market. Personal need was replaced by a more abstract demand: the tastes of a large, amorphous body of consumers.

The modern designer came into being as an intermediary between industry and the consumer. His role was to adapt the products of industry to the mass market, to make them more useful and durable, perhaps, but to make them more appealing and commercially successful, certainly. Commercial success is the touchstone of achievement in design, although designers in different cultures have often taken different views as to how the achievement is measured or the success validated.

self-conscious – самосознательный

application – применение, использование, употребление

in all essentials – по всей своей сути

consumer – потребитель

intermediary – посредник

durable – надежный

touchstone – критерий

achievement – достижение

to measure – измерять

to validate – объявить действительным, придать законную силу

2. Choose the most suitable title to the text:

1) The origin of the word design.

2) The modern concept of the market.

3) The introduction of design into our living.

4) Design as an industrial or post-industrial concept of style.

5) The main task of modern designers.

3. Find the English equivalents in the text:

внимание и проницательность, мастерские, качество линии, образ, промышленная революция, требование, вкус, приспособить

4. Match the synonyms:

1) to demand a) to accommodate, to adjust

2) to describe b) to have, to own

3) to possess c) to reach, to attain

4) to invent d) to require, to request

5) to separate e) to detach, to disconnect

6) to adapt f) to create, to make

7) to achieve g) to portray, to depict

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate form of these verbs:

1) There are many who will work hard to … these goals.

2) The work … your immediate attention.

3) At the last meeting with the customers the decorator … his design project.

4) Shelves were built to … the library for use as an office.

5) The director of the firm was interested to know if we … any architectural plans.

6) If you don’t have a creative way of thinking, it’ll be difficult to … something new.

7) The garage is … from the house by a path and a flower garden.