- •Political science
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with words from the text.
- •5. Find the statements which are not true to the text.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to underlined words and emphatic constructions.
- •7. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •5 . Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing into Russian paying attention to different functions of the verb «to be».
- •7. Translate the following sentences in writing into Russian:
- •Make up a short summary of the text.
- •Compare the u.S. Constitution with that of Russia. Speak on their advantages and disadvantages.
- •10. Read the text and render its content in Russian:
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •2 . Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Find the beginning for the following endings.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with words from the text.
- •5. Find in the text the definitions of the meanings of the following words. Translate them into Russian in writing.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to the underlined words and constructions.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •5. Find in the text the definitions of the following terms.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to the underlined words and constructions.
- •8. Compare the system of checks and balances of the us with that of Russia. Pay attention to the differences in these systems. The plan below may be helpful.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Insert the English equivalents used in the text.
- •Political Parties
- •Give the general idea of the text.
- •Read the following joke and retell it:
- •12. Read the article and do the tasks that follow it:
- •13. Answer the following questions:
- •14. Agree or disagree with the following:
- •16. Review the article.
- •17. Read and translate the article:
- •20. Answer the following questions:
- •21. Find in the article the facts to prove that:
- •22. Read the following quotations by Churchill:
- •23. Review the article.
- •I . Read and translate the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •IV. Find in the text the facts to prove that:
- •V II. Could you give any examples from history or your personal experience when «the rule of law» works? do you support the idea that «the law is the highest judge»?
- •VIII. Read the following item and render its idea in russian:
- •X . Answer the following questions:
- •Xl agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •XII. Divide the text into logical parts, make up an outline of the text and speak on the text in accordance with your outline. Word study
- •I. Give russian equivalents for:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •V. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •Authority
- •The state
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •IV. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Word study
- •III. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •The philosophical tradition
- •The empirical tradition
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •I I. Answer the following questions.
- •Word study
- •T he Evolution of Pluralism
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions:
- •IX. Complete the following sentences:
- •XXIII. Answer the following questions:
- •Word study
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •Word study
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •Text IV
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •XIII. Answer the following questions:
- •In children (by Christine Russell)
- •XXIII. Answer the following questions:
- •Text VI
- •Text VII
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •T ext VIII
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •Postmodern tv (by Steven Connor)
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
3. Complete the following sentences.
This philosophic movement was marked by ... .
Natural law is identical with ... .
Locke rebutted the claim that government, specifical ly monarchy, was ... .
This law guarantees ... .
Men in civil society enter into a contact with their government to ... .
When any government becomes lawless and arbitrary the citizens have the right to ... .
Montesquieu believed in ... .
He didn't believe in ... .
Montesquieu advocated ....
10) This doctrine helped to form ... .
4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
1) His assertion that all legitimate government rests upon the consent of the governed ... discussions of political theory.
252
Political science
T his assertion ... the development of democratic in stitutions.
The citizens have the right ... the regime and insti tute a new government.
The government has the right ... laws and to defend the commonwealth from foreign injury.
Locke's theory of natural law ... a generation of En lightenment philosophers.
Separating powers is a ... of guaranteeing the free dom of the individual.
5. Agree of disagree with the following statements.
The intellectual foundations of modern constitutional democracy were laid during the European Enlightenment.
This movement was marked by its rejection of tradi tional social, religious and political ideas and its emphasis on rationalism.
The basic rights introduced by Locke were in the US
Bill of Rights.
4) Montesquieu was in opposition to democracy.
6) The suffix «-less» forms adjectives with a negative meaning. Form adjectives from the following words and translate them:
-less
law ♦ hope ♦ power
care ♦ meaning ♦ home
colour ♦ use
Form adjectives with the suffix «-full» from the words above and translate them into Russian.
Make a short summary of the text.
Translate paragraph 2 in writing.
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Учебное пособие для философов и политологов UNIT 5
1 . Read and translate the text.
ELECTIONS
Elections are the central institution of democratic representative governments. Why? Because, in a democra cy, the authority of the government derives solely from the consent of the governed. The principal mechanism for trans lating that consent into governmental authority is the hold ing of free and fair elections.
What are Democratic Elections? Democratic elections are competitive. Opposition parties and candidates must enjoy the freedom of speech, assembly and movement necessary to voice their criticisms of the government openly, and to bring alternative policies and candidates to the voters. Simply permitting the opposition access to the ballot is not enough. Elections in which the opposition is barred from the airwaves, has its rallies harassed or its newspapers censored are not democratic. The party in power may enjoy the advantages of incumbency, but the rules and conduct of the election contest must be fair.
Democratic elections are periodic. Democracies do not elect dictator or president-for-life. Elected officials are ac countable to the people, and they must return to the voters at prescribed intervals to seek their mandate to continue in office. This means that officials in a democracy must ac cept the risk of being voted out of office. The one exception is judges who, to insulate them against popular pressure and help ensure their impartiality, may be appointed for life and removed only for serious improprieties.
4. Democratic elections are inclusive. The definition of citizen and voter must be large enough to include a large proportion of the adult population. A government chosen by a small, exclusive group is not a democracy no matter how democratic its internal workings may appear. One of the great dramas of democracy through history
254 .
Part
Political science
has been the struggle of excluded groups - whether racial, ethnic and religious minorities, or women - to win full citizenship, and with it, the right to vote and hold office. In the United States, for example, only white male property holders enjoyed the right to elect and be elected when the Constitution was signed in 1787. The property qualification disappeared by the early 19th century, and women won the right to vote in 1920. Black Americans, however, didn't enjoy full voting rights in the southern United States until the civil rights movement of the 1960s. And finally, in 1971, younger citizens were given the right to vote when the United States lowered the voting
age from 21 to 18.
5. Democratic elections are definitive. They determine the leadership of the government. Subject to the laws and constitution of the country, popularly elected representa tives hold the reins of power. They are not simply figure heads or symbolic leaders.
6. Finally, democratic elections are not limited to se lecting candidates. Voters can also be asked to decide policy issues directly through referenda and initiatives that are placed on the ballot. In the United States, for example, state legislatures can decide to «refer», or place an issue directly before the voters. In the case of an initiative, citi zens themselves can gather a prescribed number of signa tures (usually a percentage of the number of registered voters in that state) and require that an issue be placed on the next ballot - even over the objections of the state legisla ture or governor. In a state such as California, voters con front dozens of legislative initiatives each time they vote - on issues ranging from environmental pollution to automo bile insurance costs.
7. When the election is over, the losers accept the judgment of the voters. If the incumbent party loses, it turns over power peacefully. No matter who wins, both sides agree to cooperate in solving the common problems of the society.
255
Учебное пособие для философов и политологов
8. As the next election comes around, opposition parties will again have the opportunity to compete for power. In addition, a pluralistic society, one in which reach of government is limited, tends to offer election losers alternatives for public service outside government. Those defeated at the polls may choose to continue as a formal opposition party, but they may also decide to participate in the wider political process and debate through writing, teaching or joining one of many private organizations concerned with public policy issues. Democratic elections, after all, are not a fight for survival, but a competition to serve.