- •Political science
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with words from the text.
- •5. Find the statements which are not true to the text.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to underlined words and emphatic constructions.
- •7. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •5 . Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing into Russian paying attention to different functions of the verb «to be».
- •7. Translate the following sentences in writing into Russian:
- •Make up a short summary of the text.
- •Compare the u.S. Constitution with that of Russia. Speak on their advantages and disadvantages.
- •10. Read the text and render its content in Russian:
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •2 . Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Find the beginning for the following endings.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with words from the text.
- •5. Find in the text the definitions of the meanings of the following words. Translate them into Russian in writing.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to the underlined words and constructions.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •5. Find in the text the definitions of the following terms.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to the underlined words and constructions.
- •8. Compare the system of checks and balances of the us with that of Russia. Pay attention to the differences in these systems. The plan below may be helpful.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Insert the English equivalents used in the text.
- •Political Parties
- •Give the general idea of the text.
- •Read the following joke and retell it:
- •12. Read the article and do the tasks that follow it:
- •13. Answer the following questions:
- •14. Agree or disagree with the following:
- •16. Review the article.
- •17. Read and translate the article:
- •20. Answer the following questions:
- •21. Find in the article the facts to prove that:
- •22. Read the following quotations by Churchill:
- •23. Review the article.
- •I . Read and translate the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •IV. Find in the text the facts to prove that:
- •V II. Could you give any examples from history or your personal experience when «the rule of law» works? do you support the idea that «the law is the highest judge»?
- •VIII. Read the following item and render its idea in russian:
- •X . Answer the following questions:
- •Xl agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •XII. Divide the text into logical parts, make up an outline of the text and speak on the text in accordance with your outline. Word study
- •I. Give russian equivalents for:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •V. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •Authority
- •The state
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •IV. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Word study
- •III. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •The philosophical tradition
- •The empirical tradition
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •I I. Answer the following questions.
- •Word study
- •T he Evolution of Pluralism
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions:
- •IX. Complete the following sentences:
- •XXIII. Answer the following questions:
- •Word study
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •Word study
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •Text IV
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •XIII. Answer the following questions:
- •In children (by Christine Russell)
- •XXIII. Answer the following questions:
- •Text VI
- •Text VII
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •T ext VIII
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •Postmodern tv (by Steven Connor)
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
Word study
I. GIVE RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS FOR:
Taming the state; coercive powers; to practice self-restraint; social arrangements; regardless of; to pursue interests; by trial and error; a dispersal of power; private property; in particular; nobility; to impose taxes on; revenues; essential issues; to face a threat; to give rise; to abuse minorities; the system of checks and balances; to sustain democracy; without the approval.
II. GIVE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS FOR: Злоупотребление властью; выполнять функции; соци альное устройство; воплощать; требование; частная соб ственность; основная особенность; запрещать; случайно; одобрение; соперничающие интересы; угроза; существен ные проблемы; избежать оплаты налогов; массы граж дан; гарантировать свободу.
III. TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN:
In all nations with free elections and substantial indi vidual liberties the state guarantees the property rights of individuals.
Long observation convinced that when property rights are not secure, the masses, not the rich, suffer most,
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Guaranteeing the property rights of everyone offers greater protection to those with the least property.
Regardless of his new approach to the given phenome non the issue still remains unresolved.
The ruling elite has always been pursuing only their
own interests.
It took him a number of years to achieve what he had wanted but only by trial and error.
It is rather problematic to take into consideration all
competing interests.
8. To embody his principles into life he had to apply
substantial efforts.
IV. MAKE UP YOUR OWN SENTENCES WITH THE UNDERLINED WORD-COMBINATIONS OF THE TASK ABOVE.
UNIT IX
I. READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT: WHAT IS IDEOLOGY?
Ideology is a controversial political term that has often carried pejorative implications. In the social-scientific sense, a political ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized political action. Its central features are an account of existing power relationships, a model of a desired future, and an outline of how political change can and should be brought about.
Ideologies link political theory with political practice. On one level, ideologies resemble political philosophies, in that they constitute a collection of values, theories and doctrines, that is, a distinctive world view. On another level, however, they take the form of broad political movements, and are articulated through the activities of political leaders, parties and groups.
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Part II
Political science
Every ideology can be associated with a characteristic set of principles and ideas. Although these ideas «hang together» in the sense that they interlock in distinctive ways, they are only systematic or coherent in a relative sense. All ideologies thus embody a range of rival traditions and internal tensions. Conflict within ideologies is thus sometimes more passionate than that between ideologies.
I deologies are by no means hermetically sealed and unchanging systems of thought. They overlap with one another at a number of points, and they sometimes have shared concerns and a common vocabulary. They are always subject to political or intellectual renewal, both because they change over time as they are applied to changing historical circumstances.
The significance of particular ideologies rises and falls in relation to the ideology's relevance to political, social and economic circumstances, and its capacity for theoretical innovation. Ideological conflict in the twentieth century has forced major ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism and socialism to reexamine their traditional principles, and it has fostered the growth of new ideologies, such as feminism, ecologism and religious fundamentalism.
Debate about the end of ideology has taken a number of forms. In the early post-Second-World-War period, it was linked to the declining appeal of fascism and communism and the view that economic issues had displaced ideological ones. The «end of history» thesis suggests that liberal democracy has triumphed worldwide. Postmodernism implies that conventional ideologies are irrelevant, as they were intrinsically a product of an earlier period of modernization. Postmodernism (postmodernity) is a controversial and confusing term that was first used to describe experimental movements in western arts, architecture and cultural development in general. As a tool of social and political analysis, postmodernism highlights the shift away from societies structured by industrialization and class solidarity
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to increasingly fragmented and pluralistic information societies in which individuals are transformed from producers to consumers, and individualism replaces class, religious and ethnic loyalties. From this perspective, conventional political ideologies such as Marxism and liberalism tend to be rejected as irrelevant that developed out of the process of modernization. Postmodernists argue that there is no such thing as certainty; the idea of absolute and universal truth must be discarded as an arrogant pretence. Emphasis is thus placed on the importance of discourse, debate and democracy.