- •Political science
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with words from the text.
- •5. Find the statements which are not true to the text.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to underlined words and emphatic constructions.
- •7. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •5 . Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing into Russian paying attention to different functions of the verb «to be».
- •7. Translate the following sentences in writing into Russian:
- •Make up a short summary of the text.
- •Compare the u.S. Constitution with that of Russia. Speak on their advantages and disadvantages.
- •10. Read the text and render its content in Russian:
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •2 . Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Find the beginning for the following endings.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with words from the text.
- •5. Find in the text the definitions of the meanings of the following words. Translate them into Russian in writing.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to the underlined words and constructions.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •5. Find in the text the definitions of the following terms.
- •6. Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to the underlined words and constructions.
- •8. Compare the system of checks and balances of the us with that of Russia. Pay attention to the differences in these systems. The plan below may be helpful.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Insert the English equivalents used in the text.
- •Political Parties
- •Give the general idea of the text.
- •Read the following joke and retell it:
- •12. Read the article and do the tasks that follow it:
- •13. Answer the following questions:
- •14. Agree or disagree with the following:
- •16. Review the article.
- •17. Read and translate the article:
- •20. Answer the following questions:
- •21. Find in the article the facts to prove that:
- •22. Read the following quotations by Churchill:
- •23. Review the article.
- •I . Read and translate the text:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •IV. Find in the text the facts to prove that:
- •V II. Could you give any examples from history or your personal experience when «the rule of law» works? do you support the idea that «the law is the highest judge»?
- •VIII. Read the following item and render its idea in russian:
- •X . Answer the following questions:
- •Xl agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •XII. Divide the text into logical parts, make up an outline of the text and speak on the text in accordance with your outline. Word study
- •I. Give russian equivalents for:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •V. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •Authority
- •The state
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •IV. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Word study
- •III. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •The philosophical tradition
- •The empirical tradition
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •I I. Answer the following questions.
- •Word study
- •T he Evolution of Pluralism
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions:
- •IX. Complete the following sentences:
- •XXIII. Answer the following questions:
- •Word study
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •Word study
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •Text IV
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •XIII. Answer the following questions:
- •In children (by Christine Russell)
- •XXIII. Answer the following questions:
- •Text VI
- •Text VII
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •Word study
- •T ext VIII
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •Postmodern tv (by Steven Connor)
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
IV. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
to restrict to confirm
to coincide to assert
to infringe upon to deceive
to endorse to limit
to cheat to correspond
crucial to encroach
to affirm decisive
V. ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN PAIRS OF ANTONYMS:
to create to promote
state kinship
to restrict mild
to deny to destroy
distinction civil society
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Political science
Part
to broaden to assert
sharp
to prevent
Private
Civil
society: autonomous
bodies: businesses,
trade unions, clubs,
families, and so on Personal
realm: family
and domestic life
State: apparatus of government
Public realm:
politics, commerce, work,
art, culture, and so on
VII. LOOK THROUGH PARAGRAPH 4. SPEAK ABOUT ARISTOTLE'S POSITION ON POLITICS AS AN ESSENTIALLY 'PUBLIC ACTIVITY, AND THE VIEWS OF THE THEORISTS WHO ENDORSE ARISTOTLE'S POSITION.
UNIT IV
I. READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT
Politics as compromise and consensus
The third conception of politics relates not so much to the arena within which politics is conducted as to the way in which decisions are made. Specifically, politics is seen as a particular means of resolving conflict, that is, by compromise, conciliation and negotiation, rather than through force and naked power. This is what is implied «when politics is portrayed as 'the art of the possible'. Such a definition is inherent in the everyday use of the term. For instance, the description of a solution to a problem as a 'political' solution implies peaceful debate and arbitration, as opposed to what is often called a 'military 'solu-
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tion'. Once again, this view of politics has been traced back to the writings of Aristotle and, in particular, to his belief that what he called 'polity' is the ideal system of government, as it is 'mixed' in the sense that it combines both aristocratic and democratic features. One of the leading modern exponents of this view is Bernard Crick. In his classic study In Defense of Politics, Crick offered the following definition:
Politics is the activity by which differing interests within a given unit of rule are conciliated by giving them a share in power in proportion to their importance to the welfare and the survival of the whole community.
In this view, the key to politics is therefore a wide dispersal of power. Accepting that conflict is inevitable, Crick argued that when social groups and interests possess power they must be conciliated; they cannot merely be crushed. This is why he portrayed politics as 'that solution to the problem of order which chooses conciliation rather than violence and coercion'. Such a view of politics reflects a deep commitment to liberal-rationalist principles. It is based on resolute faith in the efficacy of debate and discussion, as well as on the belief that society is characterized by consensus rather than by irreconcilable conflict. In other words, the disagreements that exist can be resolved without resort to intimidation and violence.
Critics, however, point out that Crick's conception of politics is heavily biased towards the form of politics that takes place in western pluralist democracies; in effect, he equated politics with electoral choice and party competition. As a result, his model has little to tell us about, say, one-party states or military regimes.
This view of politics has an unmistakably positive character. Politics is certainly no Utopian solution (compromise means that concessions are made by all sides, leaving no one perfectly satisfied), but it is undoubtedly preferable to the alternatives: bloodshed and brutality. In this sense,
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Учебное пособие для философов и политологов
politics can be seen as a civilized and civilizing force. People should be encouraged to respect politics as an activity, and should be prepared to engage in the political life of their own community. Nevertheless, Crick saw politics as an embattled and often neglected activity. He saw its principal enemy as 'the desire for certainty at any cost', and he warned that this is demonstrated in many forms, including the seductive influence of political ideologies, blind faith in democracy, the impact of rabid nationalism and the promise of science to disclose objective truth.
II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: l)What does the third conception of politics imply?
Whose view of politics underlies the third conception?
Who was the leading modern exponent of this view?
What is the key to politics in this view?
What does such a view reflect?
What is it based on?
What do critics point out concerning Crick's concep tion of politics?
What are the positive sides of his view of politics?
Where does Crick see the principal enemy of politics?
10) Do you agree with the third definition of politics?
III. AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING:
Politics is a means of resolving conflicts.
All conflicts should be resolved on the basis of nego tiation and consensus, never by compromise.
In Aristotle's view, the key to politics is a wide dis persal of power.
Crick stated that conflict is inevitable when opposing groups possessing power.
He was close to liberal-rationalist principles.
Politics can be seen as a civilized force.
People must have a choice whether to engage in the political life of the society or not.
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Part
Political science
IV. DIVIDE THE TEXT INTO LOGICAL PARTS AND MAKE UP AN OUTLINE OF THE TEXT.
V . SUMMARIZE THE CONTENTS OF THE TEXT IN 6 SENTENCES.
VI. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN WRITING:
l)The third conception of politics relates not so much to the arena within which politics is conducted as to the way in which decisions are made.
2) This is what is implied when politics is portrayed as 'the art of the possible'?
3)As a result, his model has little to tell us about, say, one-party states or military regimes.
Survival of the whole community very often depends on the efficacy of politics.
In this sense, people should be encouraged to respect politics as an activity.
VI. TRANSLATE B. CRICK'S DEFINITION OF POLITICS IN WRITING.